Sleep developmental changes

A. Developmental Changes and Individual Differences in Sleep Duration... 

Developmental changes in sleep patterns including sleep for infants and the elderly... 

Sleep in Children, Second Edition Developmental Changes in Sleep Patterns, edited by Carole L Marcus, John L. Carroll, David F. Donnelly, and Gerald M. Loughlin... 

Hoder et al. (1984) studied clonidine in seven newborn infants with neonatal narcotic abstinence syndrome and found no significant changes in blood pressure, pulse, or electrocardiograms (EKG) in any of the seven infants. One infant had a transient abnormal eye exam and two infants developed a transient mild metabolic acidosis. On follow up 4-9 months later, four infants were found to be developmentally age appropriate. However, Huisjes et al. (1986) reported that 22 children exposed in utero to clonidine as result of treatment for maternal hypertension had increased sleep disturbances and hyperactivity, compared to a control group at a mean age of 6 years. It is unclear whether these differences were a direct effect of clonidine on prenatal development. More sophisticated preclinical studies need to be done in this area. At best the level of short-term and long-term safety regarding clonidine is level C. 

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