Skin surface replicas

Measurement of the power necessary to move an object on the skin surface mechanically laser-controlled profilometry of a skin-surface replica... 

The ultrastructure of the stratum corneum was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The findings on SEM of skin surface replicas are... 

Surface morphology — skin surface replica production... 

Figure 12.1 Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a skin surface replica taken from a normal forearm (x212)...

Scanning electron micrographs of skin surface replicas... 

Figure 12.2 SEM of a skin surface replica from the upper arm of a patient with severe dominant ichthyosis (x209)...

In our study 2 ml of Silfo was mixed with 2 drops of the catalyst and applied to the skin surface. It was peeled off after 1-2 minutes when dry and subsequently covered with a thin smear of DPX (R. A. Lamb, London) — a styrene based slide mounting medium, and placed in a desiccator for 6 hours. The surface replicas were then removed from the rubber base. These were then sputter coated with gold in a Polaron, E 5000 coater and viewed in a Cambridge scanning electron microscope (SEM) stereoscan, Mark II. Replicas of S.C. from patients with dominant ichthyosis, a patient with Refsum s syndrome and normal controls were studied. 

SEM was performed on both skin surface biopsies obtained using the technique of Marks and Dawber (1971) and on replicas obtained according to the... 

Most and Bruckner (1936) found human tracks to be complex. A track contains a human species odor and an individual odor, both extruded through boots, but also the odors of crushed plants, disturbed soil, and leather or other shoe material. Dogs still tracked correctly after removal of one or several of these components. To separate the track components, the authors built a chair lift and a track wheel (Fig. 13.5). The rim of the metal wheel (approximately 2m in diameter) carried raised replicas of shoes at stride intervals. Pulled over the terrain, the wheel makes a track of crushed plants and disturbed soil without human scent. The lift consists of a chair suspended on a steel cable about 1.5 m above the ground. Although a person riding this chair leaves no foot imprints or disturbed soil, he/she still sheds odorous rafts of skin cells. A trained dog uses one or the other of these track components, as terrain and surface change. 

The core of a taxidermy specimen may contain wire, soft wood, and stuffing material, with the skin stretched over it and sewn together. The stuffing can be just about anything. Straw and excelsior were common, but other plant materials or hair have also been used. Taxidermists who need to make mounts of similar animals repeatedly often create body casts in plaster from a mold that can be reused. Modem taxidermists often use pre-cast body molds made of plastic, wood, fiberglass, or compressed paper. The nose, eyes, and other elements of the outer body that were, in life, composed of soft tissue are usually replaced by replicas made of glass, wax, plastic, or resin. Paint and resin or lacquer may have been applied to various areas of the body in an effort to produce a natural color, or to protect the skin. Taxidermy mounts may contain screws, tacks, or bits of wire inside, as part of the frame, and at the surface where they are used to hold various body parts in place, like hooves, andeis, or hom sheaths. 

Fig. 4.1. Electron photomicrograph of Pt-C preshadowed carbon replica of the surface of a skin layer of a Loeb-Sourirajan-type cellulose acetate membrane. Reprinted from Polymeric Gas Separation Membranes by R.E. Resting and A.K. Fritzsche, p 228. Copyright 1993, with kind permission from Wiley...

Figure 16.7 Scanning electron micrograph of replica showing surface features of inter-follicular skin. Those scales present are closely adherent and few are in the process of desquamation (x 104)...

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