Single soft-sensors

Second, sensors are often intended for a single use, or for usage over periods of one week or less, and enzymes are capable of excellent performance over these time scales, provided that they are maintained in a nfild environment at moderate temperature and with minimal physical stress. Stabilization of enzymes on conducting surfaces over longer periods of time presents a considerable challenge, since enzymes may be subject to denaturation or inactivation. In addition, the need to feed reactants to the biofuel cell means that convection and therefore viscous shear are often present in working fuel cells. Application of shear to a soft material such as a protein-based film can lead to accelerated degradation due to shear stress [Binyamin and Heller, 1999]. However, enzymes on surfaces have been demonstrated to be stable for several months (see below). 

Relaxation can be probed in inhomogeneous fields, so that the homogeneous polarization field B0 is not a necessity for successful applications of soft-matter imaging. Based on this fact, small portable NMR sensors can be built, which provide NMR data from a single volume element with the same specificity as the contrast in an NMR image [12]. Such... 

Multianalyte detection in a single sample has been reported extensively using electrochemical, piezoelectric, electrical resistance, - and oph-capo 11,33 39 methods. The sensor arrays were fabricated by photolithography and soft lithography, - inkjet-, screen-, and pin-prinhng, - and photodeposition.i 34,i4,45 jhese techniques involve labor-intensive multistep fabrication and image analysis and pattern-recognihon codes. The monochromatic or multicolor OLED excitation platform in (micro)arrays would drastically simplify fabrication and reduce cost. 

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