Single Piece Flow

Cells The layout of machines of different types performing different operations in a tight sequence, typically in a U shape, to permit single-piece flow and flexible deployment of human effort. 

Chaku-Chaku A method of conducting single-piece flow, where the operator proceeds from machine to machine, taking the part from one machine and loading it into the next. 

Continuous Flow Production Process whereby items are produced and moved from one processing step to the next, one piece at a time. Each process makes only the one piece that the next process needs, and the transfer batch size is one. Also called single-piece flow or one-piece flow. 

Single-Piece Flow A situation in which products proceed, one complete product at a time, through various operations in design, order taking, and production, without interruptions, backflows, or scrap. 

Other types of headers include the bonnet-type header, which is constructed similarly to the bonnet construction of shell-and-tube heat exchangers manifold-type headers, which are made from pipe and have tubes welded into the manifold and billet-type headers, made from a solid piece of material with machined channels for distributing the fluid. Serpentine-type tube bundles are sometimes used for very viscous fluids. A single continuous flow path through pipe is provided. 

There exist numerous designs for the converter. The boundary conditions for the converter design are the space which is available in the vehicle platform to mount the converter and the overall volume of catalyst needed for the catalytic function. A single converter can be packed with one single or with more, typically two or sometimes three, single pieces of ceramic monolith. When multiple pieces are used, they are mounted with a well defined distance between them, to effect turbulent flow conditions at the inlet to each piece. 

The cores are cast in a split GRP mold, using a bismuth-based alloy, formulated to flow freely and reproduce closely the contours of the mold. When the core has been cast, an uncured RP material shell is placed over it and cured. When the RP shell is cured, the alloy is melted out at I37C (278F), producing a single-piece RP cylinder, with an accurately dimensioned interior. The melted alloy is recovered and recycled. 

Particularly useful are the so-called carousel type SMB systems. These systems may comprise more than four sections. The columns can be configured in parallel as well as in series. This increased flexibility allows for internal recycles as well as multiple feed and product flows. In this marmer, multiple chromatographic actions are combined within a single piece of equipment. 

The coupling CE through the sheathless concept is optimally achieved via a nano-ESI source because both operate at uL/min flow rates. In one version, the CE column is connected to the sprayer tip via a microdialysis device [77,78]. In another simple version, a single piece of tapered CE column with a 20-p,m-i.d. tip has been used for separation as well as microspraying [78]. This combination results in high ionization efficiency and low detection limit. The detection limit of 0.1 to 5 finol for peptide standards has been reported. 

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