Single molecule/particle layer

Let us first investigate whether the traditional double layer theory can explain the behavior of the repulsion between apoferritin molecules. For low surface potentials, the potential around a single spherical particle of radius... 

Although it has been difficult to separate the effects of excitation and emission enhancement, both of these effects should be extremely sensitive functions of the shape of the metal particle, the orientation of the fluorophore, and the distance between the fluorophore and the metal, because the local-field effects depend strongly on these parameters. Many groups have studied variations in fluorescence intensity as a function of the distance between a layer of fluorophores and a number of nanostructured metal surfaces, adsorbed colloidal particles or suspended colloidal particles. Single-molecule experiments have even provided strong evidence for the existence of a local maximum in the fluorescence intensity versus distance curve. ... 

The remarkable stability of onion-like particles[15] suggests that single-shell graphitic molecules (giant fullerenes) containing thousands of atoms are unstable and would collapse to form multi-layer particles in this way the system is stabilized by the energy gain from the van der Waals interaction between shells [15,26,27],... 

The simulations to investigate electro-osmosis were carried out using the molecular dynamics method of Murad and Powles [22] described earher. For nonionic polar fluids the solvent molecule was modeled as a rigid homo-nuclear diatomic with charges q and —q on the two active LJ sites. The solute molecules were modeled as spherical LJ particles [26], as were the molecules that constituted the single molecular layer membrane. The effect of uniform external fields with directions either perpendicular to the membrane or along the diagonal direction (i.e. Ex = Ey = E ) was monitored. The simulation system is shown in Fig. 2. The density profiles, mean squared displacement, and movement of the solvent molecules across the membrane were examined, with and without an external held, to establish whether electro-osmosis can take place in polar systems. The results clearly estab-hshed that electro-osmosis can indeed take place in such solutions. 

Smectic A and C phases are characterized by a translational order in one dimension and a liquid-like positional order in two others. In the smectic A phase the molecules are oriented on average in the direction perpendicular to the layers, whereas in the smectic C phase the director is tilted with respect to the layer normal. A simple model of the smectic A phase has been proposed by McMillan [8] and Kobayashi [9] by extending the Maier-Saupe approach for the case of one-dimensional density modulation. The corresponding mean field, single particle potential can be expanded in a Fourier series retaining only the leading term ... 

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