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Reduced scavenger capacity is deduced from studies demonstrating low plasma and cellular levels of antioxidants such as glutathione, vitamin E, thiols, magnesium and ascorbic acid, as well as reduced levels of scavenger enzymes such as neutrophil glutathione peroxidase and red cell superoxide dismutase (Lyons, 1991 Sinclair /., 1992). 

Because of the many decisions regarding inclusion or exclusion of studies, different meta-analyses might reach very different conclusions on the same topic. Even after the studies are chosen, there are many other methodologic issues in choosing how to combine means and variances (e.g., what weighting methods should be used). Pooled analysis should report both relative risks and risk reductions as well as absolute risks and risk reductions (Sinclair and Bracken, 1994). 

But sequential innovations often add much more to social value as well as to reduce cost through process and follow-on innovations (Sinclair, Klepper, and Cohen 2000). With an innovation in the public domain, firms may have a lower incentive to improve upon it. But in the case of vaccines, a follow-on innovation may also qualify for a new round ofprizes. The case of cost-saving process innovations may be a concern, but for these types of innovations patents have been shown to be less important than other mechanisms such as secrecy (Walsh, Arora, and Cohen 2003). 

Sinclair s results in suckling rats were consistent with these findings (Sinclair, 1975). He provided an oral dose of C-LNA or C-DHA at 2 wk of life and measured radioactivity in specific fatty acids at 22 and 48 h postdose. As a percent of dose, C-LNA uptake was relatively low compared to C-DHA (brain 0.29% vs 2.71% liver 3.29% vs 19.8%). Here, the relative efficacy of LNA and DHA for brain DHA could be estimated, and at 22 h postdose was measured to be 59 1 in favor of DHA. A similar trend was found for C-l. A and C-AA at 22 and 48 hr postdose, consistent with later data Hassam and Crawford obtained for orally fedlabeled AA versus LA (Hassma Crawford, 1976). Diet control was not well described in these two tracer studies (Anderson Connor, 1988 Sinclair, 1975), and data reported in primates, to be discussed below, indicates that the timing of sampling is not sufficiently long for all brain DHA derived from labeled LNA or DHA to reach a constant level. Thus, no overall conversion efficacy for dietary LNA versus DHA can be inferred from these two studies. They nevertheless unequivocally show that DHA is preferred dietary form for brain DHA accretion at short times postdose. 

The metabolism of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs is interlinked, as they compete for enzymes and metabolic substrates at all levels. Therefore, relative as well as absolute dietary intake is relevant in the determination of tissue n-3 and n-6 fatty acid levels. The Western diet typically contains high levels of n-6 fatty acids, as these are components of most animal and vegetable fats. Dietary sources of n-3 PUFA are varied. The most plentiful sources are fish, shellfish, and marine products, which contain large amounts of EPA and DHA. Certain plant oils, such as rapeseed (canola), soybean, and perilla contain large amounts of LNA (Crawford Sinclair, 1972 Sinclair, 1975). Although beef and lamb do contain n-3 PUFAs, both the absolute content and the n-3 n-6 ratio of PUFAs within these meats is low. 

Some cyanobacteria which form hairs in response to phosphorus limitation form less well-developed hairs in response to iron limitation (Sinclair and Whitton, 1977 Douglas et al., 1986), but such hairs do not show phosphomonoesterase activity. Similarly, some green algae which form hairs in response to phosphorus limitation (Whitton and Harding, 1978) form less well-developed hairs in response to nitrogen limitation and occasionally other limitations, but these hairs also do not develop phosphomonoesterase activity (Gibson and Whitton, 1987b Whitton, 1988). However, no example of a field population of a cyanobacterium with hairs has been found which did not show surface phosphatase activity,... 

RE Black, AC Dykes, KE Anderson, JG Wells, SP Sinclair, W Gary, Jr., MH Hatch, EJ Gangarosa. Handwashing to prevent diarrhea in day care centers. Am J Epidemiol 113 445-451, 1981. 

Choice of the sample from the samphng frame is well covered in sociology texts. Within human factors it typically arises in the context of survey design (Sinclair 1990). To mate statistical inferences from the sample to the population (specifically to the sampling frame), our sampling procedure must allow the laws of probability to be applied. The most often-used sampling methods are ... 

Radiative capture of deuterons would be expected to occur with cross sections of 10 to 10 cm since the inverse reaction, photodisintegration with the emission of deuterons, is well known. The only known example however, is the Yie [dy) reaction. Upper limits for the H [dy), Yie [dy) and 0 [dy) reactions have been set by Sinclair and for the e [dy) andG ( y) reactions by Allan and Sarma. ... 

For this edition Alun Edwards decided he would step down and we wish him well. The two remaining authors felt that, in view of the extent of revision required to incorporate the new information, new authors would be required to replace Peter McDonald and Alun Edwards. Therefore, Liam Sinclair and Robert Wilkinson, Professor of Animal Science and Principal Lectmer in Ruminant Nutrition, respectively, of Harper Adams University College were invited to join the team. These new authors contribute a broad knowledge of animal nutrition and will ensiue that the book can go to fiuther editions. 

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