Simple chambers

This equation shows that at a constant gas velocity, q/F, the length of the chamber, L, is proportional to the height of the chamber, H. Obviously, the smaller the height, the smaller the chamber length required for a desired separation, which explains the advantage of a multiplate design over a simple chamber. Because the smallest particles will settle according to Stokes law, we may combine the above expressions ... 

Zarzycki, P.K. Simple chamber for temperature-controlled planar chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A, 2002, 971, 193-197. 

Nicoll, R. a., and Alger, B. E., 1981, A simple chamber for recording from submerged brain slices,/. NeurosciMeth. 4 153-156. 

A silicon substrate containing the freeze-dried cells is transferred from a desiccator to a homemade air-tight Teflon chamber to avoid any rehydration during optical microscopy measurements. A photo of this simple chamber is shown in Fig. 6.1. The silicon chip containing the freeze-dried cells is placed in a rectangular flat indentation in the Teflon. A glass coverslip is placed over the indentation in Teflon and sealed with hot wax as shown in Fig. 6.1. 

The basic oven is a simple chamber into which wet or dissolved solids are placed and then dried by the application of heat. The energy-transfer medium may be a hot surface or a gas. The chamber may simply be an enclosed space, or it may contain receptacles for the material to be dried. 

Attempts to develop an ultramicro (UM) chamber were first made in the 1960s (11). In this simple chamber the chromatoplate is covered by a glass plate so that the end of the cover plate is not... 

The mechanism of the reaction in the lead chamber is complicated. The simple representation ... 

A simple form of apparatus is that in which a cooled condensing surface is supported a few cm. above a shallow, heated pool of liquid, and the whole is enclosed in a highly evacuated chamber (compare Fig. II, 26, 1) this offers the least hindrance to the flow of vapour from the evaporating to the condensing surface. The rate of distillation is then determined by the rate at which the liquid surface is able to produce vapour. When the evaporating... 

Fig. 2. Types of spiay towers (a) horizontal spray chamber (b) simple vertical spray tower (c) cyclonic spray tower, Pease-Anthony type (d) cyclonic spray...

Several descriptions have been pubUshed of the continuous tar stills used in the CIS (9—11). These appear to be of the single-pass, atmospheric-pressure type, but are noteworthy in three respects the stills do not employ heat exchange and they incorporate a column having a bubble-cap fractionating section and a baffled enrichment section instead of the simple baffled-pitch flash chamber used in other designs. Both this column and the fractionation column, from which light oil and water overhead distillates, carboHc and naphthalene oil side streams, and a wash oil-base product are taken, are equipped with reboilers. 

Vacuum Deposition. Vacuum deposition, sometimes called vacuum evaporation, is a PVD process in which the material is thermally vaporized from a source and reaches the substrate without coUision with gas molecules in the space between the source and substrate (1 3). The trajectory of the vaporized material is therefore line-of-sight. Typically, vacuum deposition takes place in the pressure range of 10 10 Pa (10 10 torr), depending on the level of contamination that can be tolerated in the resulting deposited film. Figure 3 depicts a simple vacuum deposition chamber using a resistively heated filament vaporization source. 

The ancient process of stoving is stiU occasionally used to bleach wool and silk with sulfur dioxide. In this process, wet fabrics are hung in chambers of burning sulfur or sulfur dioxide gas for at least 8 h. The fabrics are then washed with sodium sulfite to remove excess sulfur dioxide. Fabric so treated may have unpleasant odors, and the original color eventually returns, but the process is simple and inexpensive. 

The catalysts with the simplest compositions are pure metals, and the metals that have the simplest and most uniform surface stmctures are single crystals. Researchers have done many experiments with metal single crystals in ultrahigh vacuum chambers so that unimpeded beams of particles and radiation can be used to probe them. These surface science experiments have led to fundamental understanding of the stmctures of simple adsorbed species, such as CO, H, and small hydrocarbons, and the mechanisms of their reactions (42) they indicate that catalytic activity is often sensitive to small changes in surface stmcture. For example, paraffin hydrogenolysis reactions take place rapidly on steps and kinks of platinum surfaces but only very slowly on flat planes however, hydrogenation of olefins takes place at approximately the same rate on each kind of surface site. 

Fig. 18. Product removal arrangements for cocurrent spray dryers (a) simple outlet (b) product separation ia an agglomeration chamber and (c) classifyiag...

Labyrinth seals are simple to manufacture and can be made from conventional materials. Early designs of labyrinth seals used knife-edge seals and relatively large chambers or pockets between the knives. These relatively long knives are easily sibject to damage. The modern, more functional, and more reliable labyrinth seals consist of sturdy, closely spaced lands. Some labyrinth seals are shown in Fig. 10-107. Figure 10-107 7 is the simplest form of the seal. Figure... 

Vapors (from drying) are removed at the feed end of the dtyer to the atmosphere through a natural-draft stack and settling chamber or wet scrubber. When employed in simple drying operations with 3.5 X 10 to 10 X 10 Pa steam, draft is controlled by a damper to admit only sufficient outside air to sweep moisture from the cylinder, discharging the air at 340 to 365 K and 80 to 90 percent saturation. In this way, shell gas velocities and dusting are minimized. When used for solvent recovery or other processes requiring a sealed system, sweep gas is recirculated throu a scrubber-gas cooler and blower. 

Some units have been built and successbilly operated with simple slot-type distributors made of heat-resistant steel. This requires a heat-resistant plenum chamber but eliminates the frequently encountered problem of corrosion caused by condensation of acids and water vapor on the cold metal of the distributor. 

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