Similarity context

In each case a highly polar (high <), powerful ion-solvating medium is generally necessary. In a similar context the effect of Ag in catalysing reactions, often by a shift from SN2 —+ SN1 mode,... 

Another word often used in a similar context is the word assay. If a material is known by a particular name and an analysis is carried out to determine the level of that named substance in the material, the analysis is called an assay for that named substance. For example, if an analysis is being carried out to determine what percent of the material in a bottle labeled aspirin is aspirin, the analysis is called an... 

The terms element and atom are often used in a similar context. You might hear, for example, that gold is an element made of gold atoms. Generally, element is used in reference to an entire macroscopic or microscopic sample, and atom is used when speaking of the submicroscopic particles in the sample. The... 

Early reports with rAd vectors may provide the proof of principle for transient expression of a number of potentially therapeutic proteins. For instance the Na+/K+-ATPase was found to promote reabsorption of alveolar fluid in an ARDS model (Factor et al., 1999 Sartori and Matthay, 2002). Anti-inflammatory cytokines and antioxidants have also been used with some success in a similar context in animal models of sepsis and ARDS (Van Laethem et al., 1998 Dumasius et al., 2002). 

In a similar context, 6-18F-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (6-18F-DOPA) was synthesized by direct fluorination of L-3-(3-hydroxy-4-pivaloxyphenyl)alanine (ra-P-DOPA) with Ac018F in acetic acid resulting in the 2- and 5-18F isomers. Hydrolysis of the reaction mixture in hydrochloric acid followed by HPLC separation gave 6-18F-DOPA (equation 23)44. Another application of Ac018F was reported in the synthesis of a trimethyl tin precursor of 2-oxoquazepam, 7-chloro-1 -(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1,3--dihydro-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-2//-l,4-benzodiazepin-2-one, a benzodiazepine agonist, and its conversion to [18F]-2-oxoquazepam by reaction with AcQ18F (equation 24)45. 

This is the same sort of double vagueness which is also present in the notion of a conceptual scheme. In fact, it is the vagueness of practices which accounts for part of the vagueness of conceptual schemes. Conceptual scheme were defined as sets of closely related concepts, which serve similar purposes, occur in the similar contexts, and fit one another. This definition makes clear that conceptual schemes are often tied to particular practices. In so far as practices are vague, so are conceptual schemes. 

Compare this with what Putnam writes in a similar context Here the philosopher is ignoring his own epistemological position. He is philosophizing as if naive realism were true of him (or, equivalently, as if he and he alone were in an absolute relation to the world). ( Introductions xi)... 

It is important, however, to note that the terms used by policy makers (and in law) are not consistent. For example, under EU law binding air quality standards are termed limit values. However, the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Directive, which regulates industrial pollution, uses the term environmental quality standard and makes clear that the limit values are environmental quality standards. Both technical experts and lawyers, therefore, can use different terms in similar contexts. This variation not only can be found between media (e.g., air and water standards) but also can occur within a single medium. 

In a similar context Amdtsen developed a new pyrrole synthesis from alkynes, acid chlorides either imines or isoquinolines, based on the reactivity of isocyanides (Scheme 35a) [197]. Although all atoms from the isocyanide are excluded from the final structure, its role in the reaction mechanism is crucial. The process takes place through the activation of the imine (isoquinoline) by the acid chloride to generate the reactive M-acyliminium salt, which is then attacked by the isocyanide to furnish a nitrilium ion. This cationic intermediate coordinates with the neighboring carbonyl group to form a miinchnone derivative, which undergoes a [3+2] cycloaddition followed by subsequent cycloelimination of the isocyanate unit, to afford the pentasubstituted pyrrole adducts 243 and 244 (Scheme 35a, b). 

In these cases, the addition of 20 mol% of PBnj is cm-cial to stabilize the gold(I) catalyst in the reductive medium. After the catalysis step, acidic treatment led to the formation of the alcohols and amines in good yields. In a similar context, a gold-catalyzed hydroboration of imines has been reported. 

Monomer orders higher than two could be due to the intervention of a seccaid monomer mdecule in the initiation process to sdvate the intermediate Ad 3 complex, and favour ionisation (note that these hi er orders were found in low dielectric-cc i-stant mixtures). Such monomer crsnplexation is not uncommon and has bee proposed in similar contexts ... 

In a similar context, Nayak and Ramaswamy have shown that the maximum Liapunov exponent (MLE) rises very steeply just as the Lindemann index and thereby can detect the aforementioned transition very well [20]. Since MLE is well established to measure the exponential divergence of the distance between nearby trajectories in phase space [21,22], their numerical results seem to suggest that the phase-transition could be a consequence of strong chaos behind the dynamics. We henceforth examine the resultant phenomena, the geometry on which the dynamics is characterized, and a statistical law of associated isomerization reaction. 

In a similar context, Afarinkia and coworkers have shown that 2-pyrones with a Cl, Br or I substituent at the C4 position have marginal enophilic reactivity, only undergoing cycloadditions with electron-deficient dienophiles <05JOC1122>. For example, the reaction of 4-bromo-2-pyrone 18 with excess methyl acrylate provided a mixture of synlanti and endolexo isomers in 78% combined yield after heating at 50 - 70 °C for two weeks with no solvent (Table 1). 

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