Silyl enol ethers acylation

More recently, further developments have shown that the reaction outlined in Scheme 4.33 can also proceed for other alkenes, such as silyl-enol ethers of acetophenone [48 b], which gives the endo diastereomer in up to 99% ee. It was also shown that / -ethyl-/ -methyl-substituted acyl phosphonate also can undergo a dia-stereo- and enantioselective cycloaddition reaction with ethyl vinyl ether catalyzed by the chiral Ph-BOX-copper(ll) catalyst. The preparative use of the cycloaddition reaction was demonstrated by performing reactions on the gram scale and showing that no special measures are required for the reaction and that the dihydro-pyrans can be obtained in high yield and with very high diastereo- and enantioselective excess. 

Amidoalkylation of silyl enol ethers with /V-acyliiiiiiiium ions containing camphanoyl-derived acyl functions (see Appendix) as the chiral auxiliary leads to optically active 2-substituted piperidine derivatives with moderate to high diastereoselectivity, depending on the chiral auxiliary and the cnol ether82 99. The auxiliary is removed by hydrolysis with base or acid. 

As in the Japp-Klingemann reaction, when Z is an acyl or carboxyl group (in the case of R2CH—Z), it can be cleaved. Since oximes and nitroso compounds can be reduced to primary amines, this reaction often provides a route to amino acids. As in the case of 12-4, the silyl enol ether of a ketone can be used instead of the ketone itself. Good yields of a-oximinoketones (20) can be obtained by treating ketones with fert-butyl thionitrate. ... 

Conditions for arylation of enolate equivalents have also been developed. In the presence of ZnF2, silyl enol ethers, silyl ketene acetals, and similar compounds react. For example, the TMS derivatives of /V-acyl oxazolidinones can be arylated. 

The silyl enol ethers of ketones are also oxidized to a-hydroxy ketones by m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. If the reaction workup includes acylation, a-acyloxy ketones are obtained.250 These reactions proceed by initial epoxidation of the silyl enol ether, which then undergoes ring opening. Subsequent transfer of either the O-acyl or O- l MS substituent occurs, depending on the reaction conditions. 

Whereas metal-catalyzed decomposition of simple diazoketones in the presence of ketene acetals yields dihydrofurans 121,124,134), cyclopropanes usually result from reaction with enol ethers, enol acetates and silyl enol ethers, just as with unactivated alkenes 13). l-Acyl-2-alkoxycyclopropanes were thus obtained by copper-catalyzed reactions between diazoacetone and enol ethers 79 105,135), enol acetates 79,135 and... 

Titanium-mediated intramolecular Friedel-Crafts acylation and alkylation are important methods for construction of fused-ring systems (Scheme 29).107 As well as aromatics, olefin units also react in the same way.108 Alkylation of electron-rich olefins such as enol ethers or silyl enol ethers proceeds effectively in the presence of TiCl4.109... 

As an extension of the above-mentioned method, a successful rearrangement starting from silyl enol ethers as an electron-rich iV-allyl moiety has been published. Allylamide 88 was synthesized in two steps starting from (-i-)-phen-ethylamine and acrolein via a condensation-acylation sequence. The auxiliary-... 

Since silyl enol ethers have a silyl group ji to the jr-system, anodic oxidation of silyl enol ethers takes place easily. In fact, anodic oxidation of silyl enol ethers proceeds smoothly to provide the homo-coupling products, 1,4-diketones (equations 37 and 38)42. This dimerization of the initially generated cation radical intermediate is more likely than the reaction of acyl cations formed by two electron oxidation of unreacted silyl enol ethers in these anodic reactions. 

Acyl imidazoles take part in a silyl acyloin reaction to give the corresponding silyl enol ethers in moderate yields. A possible mechanism is outlined in Scheme 2092. The silyl enol ethers could be hydrolysed to acyl silanes by treatment with acid. 

Lithium alkoxides of bis(trimethylsilyl) carbinols react with benzophenone to produce silyl enol ethers of acyl silanes in good yields93. The alcohols were prepared in reasonable yields by hydrolysis of the bis(trimethylsilyl) carbinol silyl ethers94,95, which in turn were produced from the corresponding esters using another silyl acyloin reaction, which itself, ironically, proceeds through an acyl silane intermediate (Scheme 21)94. 

Picard has reported more direct approaches to acyl silanes and to their silyl enol ethers by reductive silylation of substituted benzoates and of w./i-dihalo-a, /Tunsaturated acyl chlorides, respectively, using a similar reagent mixture of trimethylchlorosilane, magnesium and IIMPA96. 

A further efficient preparation of these silyl enol ethers proceeds through an intramolecular 1,2-silicon shift in an a-silyl acyl lithium substrate (8), prepared from an a-lithiosilane (Scheme 23)". This method appears very simple to carry out, and produces the silyl enol ethers in good yields with high isomeric purity (usually, E isomer > 90% of mixture). 

In a rather more unusual process, presumably involving tellurium-lithium exchange, acyl tellurides may be converted into silyl enol ethers of acyl silanes by treatment with butyl lithium and trimethylchlorosilane. In this procedure it is the Z isomer which is the predominant product (Scheme 24)100. 

A number of silyl enol ethers of acyl silanes have been produced from alkenes by subjection to 50 atmospheres of carbon monoxide in the presence of 0.1 equivalents of trialkylsilane and 2 mol% of an iridium catalyst (Scheme 26)102. Hydrolysis to the acyl silanes was achieved using hydrochloric acid-acetone. 

The most direct procedure for the synthesis of a-haloacyl silanes is electrophilic halo-genation of enolates or enol ethers of acyl silanes. This has been achieved with the silyl enol ethers using bromine at low temperatures, but the reaction suffers from the general... 

A number of a,/J-unsaUiraled acyl silanes have been prepared from silyl enol ethers of acyl silanes (Scheme 41)129. Addition of phenyl sulphenyl chloride to the silyl enol ether with subsequent elimination of chlorotrimethylsilane gives the a-(phenylthio)acyl silane. Oxidation to the sulphoxide followed by in situ elimination of benzenesulphenic... 

Acyl silanes can display disparate behaviour when treated with carbon nucleophiles, even of related types5,61149. For example, when aroyl silanes were treated with a Wittig reagent, none of the expected alkenes was obtained, and the only reaction products isolated were silyl enol ether and triphenylphosphine (Scheme 73)182,183. When alkanoyl silanes were treated with Wittig reagents, however, only the normal olefinated vinyl silane products were isolated (Scheme 74)182-184 Under soluble lithium salt conditions, Z-vinyl silanes were produced with very high selectivities the reaction was used to prepare a pheromone component (50) of the sweet potato leaf folder moth (Scheme 75)183. 

Sulphur ylids also react with acyl silanes by two different, competing pathways, to give either silyl enol ethers, formed under salt-free conditions, or /1-ketosilanes, formed in the presence of soluble inorganic salts (Scheme 76)186. 

Fluoride ion-catalysed addition of trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane to acyl silanes occurs to give l,l-difluoro-2-trimethylsilyloxyalkenes (silyl enol ethers of difluoromethyl ketones), through nucleophilic addition of trifluoromethyl anion, Brook rearrangement and loss of fluoride. These compounds could be isolated when tetrabutylammonium difluorotriphenylstannate was used as a catalyst use of tetrabutylammonium fluoride gave the product corresponding to subsequent aldol reaction with the difluoromethyl ketone (Scheme 78)m. 

Silyl enol ethers of acyl silanes have been used in Lewis acid-mediated Mukaiyama reactions with acetals. Treatment of the resulting /1-alkoxy acyl silanes with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide or tetrabutylammonium fluoride gave the corresponding a,/J-unsaturated aldehydes (Scheme 99)210. 

Diketones. Silyl enol ethers are C-acylated by acetyl tetrafluoroborate to give 1,3-diketones. Yields are generally higher if the reagent is generated in situ from CH3COF and BF3.2 Examples ... 

Hydrosilane HSiR.3 behaves similar to H2 toward transition metal complexes in some cases. When HSiR.3 is used instead of hydrogen in hydroformylation, two reactions are expected. One is a hydrocarbonylation-type reaction, by which formation of the silyl enol ethers 62 via the acylmetal intermediate 61, and the acylsilanes 64 via the acyl complex 63, are expected in practice both reactions are observed. The other possibility is silylformylation to form 65, which is unknown, even though silylformylation of alkynes is known. When Co2(CO)8 is used, the silyl enol ether of aldehyde 66 is obtained [36], However, the silyl enol ether 67 of acylsilane 68 is obtained when an Ir complex is used, and converted to the acylsilane 68 by hydrolysis [37],... 

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