Silver-grid electrode

Kim, Y.H., M Ller-Meskamp, L., Leo, K., 2015. Ultratransparent polymer/semitransparent silver grid hybrid electrodes for smaU-molecule organic solar ceUs. Adv. Energy Mater. 5,1401822-11401822. 

Ink formulations that can be used for the fabrication of solar cells have been described in detail (37). These are a silver back electrode ink, a zinc oxide nanoparticle ink, a polymeric ink from poly(3-hex-ylthiophen-2,5-diyl) and a fuUerene derivative, a PEDOT-KS, and a silver grid front electrode ink formulation. 

The most common fabrication technique for silver electrodes is by sintering silver powder onto a supporting silver grid. The electrodes are manufactured either in molds (as individual plates or as master plates which are later cut to size) or by continuous rolling techniques. They are then sintered in a furnace at approximately 700°C. 

The zinc electrode is usually prepared from powdered zinc oxide, often mixed with a Teflon binder, and pressed on to an expanded silver grid. The zinc electrode is made somewhat oversized compared to the nickel electrode and is contoured to minimize zinc anode shape changes during cycling of the cell. Typical separator materials are fibrous sausage skin or cellophane and Perlon wrapping. 

Electrodes. AH of the finished silver electrodes have certain common characteristics the grids or substrates used in the electrodes are exclusively made of silver, although in some particular cases silver-plated copper is used. Material can be in the form of expanded silver sheet, silver wire mesh, or perforated silver sheet. In any case, the intent is to provide electronic contact of the external circuit of the battery or cell and the active material of the positive plate. Silver is necessary to avoid any possible oxidation at this junction and the increased resistance that would result. 

Electrodes. All of the finished silver electrodes have certain common characteristics the grids or substrates used in the electrodes are made exclusively of silver, although in some particular cases silver-plated copper is used,... 

Highly corrosion-resistant, antimony-free, lead alloys have been used successfully in the positive electrode grids of both single-plate and spiral-wound cells. Spiral-wound cells almost exclusively feature binary lead-tin alloys [36,41] whereas flat-plate electrodes use either lead-calcium alloys, with or without silver additive [26], or lead-tin alloys [48]. Binary lead-tin is known to be highly corrosion-resistant, but rather soft, which is a handicap for plate stacking in prismatic cells. 

In the simple case a battery (cell) consists of two electrodes made of different materials immersed in an electrolyte. The electrodes are conducting metal plates or grids covered by reactants active mass), the oxidizer is present on one electrode, the reducer on the other. In silver-zinc cells the electrodes are metal grids, one covered with silver oxide and the other with zinc. An aqueous solution of KOH serves as electrolyte. Schematically, this system can be written as... 

Grid material, density, and thickness, electrical lead type and size and final electrode size, thickness, and density are all design variables which depend on the intended application for the cells. The silver powder particle size may be varied, with the finer powders approaching the theoretical silver utilization of 2.0 g/Ah. The use of very fine powder, however, results in an initial voltage dip (typically less than 120 mS) at medium (C) to high discharge rates. 

As is the case for the silver electrodes, the grid material, additives, and final electrode size, thickness, and density are all design variables which depend on the final application. 

Most silver-cadmium cells contain cadmium electrodes that are manufactured by pressed-power or pasting techniques. Although other methods have been used, such as impregnating nickel plaque with cadrnium salts, as is done for nickel-cadmium cells, the most common method in silver-cadmium cells is to press or paste a mixture of cadmium oxide or cadmium hydroxide with a binder onto a silver or nickel grid. These processes are similar to those used for the pressed and pasted zinc electrodes. 

In order to measure the field emission characteristics, the Cgo/CNT composite, which was produced by the drawing process, was mounted on a copper grid using an adhesive and a silver paste and was used as an electron emission source (Fig. 14.21). Six readings of the emission current (I) in a sample for the applied voltage (V) were measured in a high vacuum chamber with a base pressure of approximately 6.5 x 10 ° Pa. The distance between the electrodes was fixed at 200 /im using a mica spacer. 

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