Silicon tin

By reference to the elements carbon, silicon, tin and lead, show how the properties of an element and those of its compounds can be related to ... 

Many organic peroxides of metals have been hydrolyzed to alkyl hydroperoxides. The alkylperoxy derivatives of aluminum, antimony, arsenic, boron, cadmium, germanium, lead, magnesium, phosphoms, silicon, tin, and zinc yield alkyl hydroperoxides upon hydrolysis (10,33,60,61). 

Additions Forming Bonds between Carbon and Silicon, Tin, and Pbospborus... 

This calculation enables one to program easily the stoichiometric concentration, using a small calculator. If the molecule contains other atoms, silicon, tin, manganese, lead, etc, the most stable oxides thermodynamically are sought perhaps by using enthalpies of formation data listed for inorganic substances in Part Two. 

Tin chemical shifts run broadly parallel to those of silicon tin can readily increase its coordination number to five or six. A few stable organostannyl-enes R2Sn and distannenes R2Sn=SnR2 are known. 

Direct metallation of o-halogenophenoxyelement derivatives of silicon, tin, and phosphorus leads to an unstable metallated intermediate which undergoes a rapid 1,3-rearrangement under element-carbon bond formation. This type of reaction seems to be a general method for the synthesis of hydroxyphenyl element derivatives [1-4], We have studied the influence of different organoelement groups on the reaction pathway. The yield increases in the sequence R3Sn < R2P < RjSi P(0)(0R)2. 

Palladium-catalyzed addition of a silicon-tin linkage across a carbon-carbon triple bond was first reported in 1985 by the Mitchell group and the Ghenard group independently.251,252 Since then, the silastannation reaction of alkynes has been studied extensively (Table J) 25S 261... 

The tetrametalmethane species la,b which contains carbon bonded to germanium, silicon, tin, and boron have been obtained (Equations (5) and (6)),7 and the overall yield of la,b varies with the order of attachment of the different metals. 

Carbon-carbon bond formation has also been achieved using electroauxiliaries. The method developed by Yoshida and coworkers uses an auxiliary (silicon, tin, sulfur), which when added to a molecule, decreases the oxidation potential of the starting compound. Thus the chance of overoxidation can be avoided. The anodic oxidation of compounds having a... 

Carbon is the most electronegative of the Group IV elements, with germanium normally considered to be more electronegative than silicon, tin or lead. This may in part be due to the weaker screening effect of the filled 3[Pg.574]

No simple ligands involving silicon, tin or lead donor atoms to copper(I) are known. 

FIGURE 14.33 The elements of Group 14. Back row, from left to right silicon, tin. Front row carbon (graphite), germanium, lead. 

Element-element bonds, addition to G-G multiple bonds arsenic—selenium bonds, 10, 782 boron—boron bonds, 10, 727 boron—sulfur bonds, 10, 778 B-S and B-Ge bonds, 10, 758 chalcogen—chalcogen additions, 10, 752 germanium—germanium bonds, 10, 747 germanium-tin bonds, 10, 780 overview, 10, 725-787 phosphorus—phosphorus bonds, 10, 751 phosphorus—selenium bonds, 10, 782 phosphorus-sulfur bonds, 10, 781 Se-Si and Se-Ge bonds, 10, 779 silicon-germanium bonds, 10, 770 silicon-phosphorus bonds, 10, 780 silicon-silicon bonds, 10, 734 silicon-sulfur bonds, 10, 779 silicon-tin bonds, 10, 770 tin-boron bonds, 10, 767 tin-tin bonds, 10, 748... 

In contrast, use of metalloid elements, such as silicon, tin antimony or boron, which can form weak covalent bonds with oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur substituents during the course of the reaction, results in templated products that may be obtained metal-free by simple hydrolysis. These covalent template reactions (the M—X bond is essentially covalent in these cases) also have the advantage that the... 

As noted above, the lability of the Sn-C bond is often a factor determining the outcome of such reactions and this is well illustrated in a very early reaction between Na2[Fe(CO)4] with MeSnCl3, where redistribution of methyl groups took place to form 77 and 78226. An unusual hypercoordinated tin compound 79 was obtained by reacting K[Fe(CO)3 Si(OMe)3 Ph2P(2-pyridyl ] with Cl2SnPh2, which involved an unusual silicon-tin exchange227. 

With Boron, Silicon, Tin, Germanium or Lead Compounds... 

Though you have only seen a couple of examples of the latter, it is clear that organosulfur and organoselenium chemistry are closely related. In the next chapter we will look at the quite different type of chemistry exhibited by organic compounds containing three other heteroatoms—silicon, tin, and boron. 

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