Silicate-phosphate

Table XI-1 (from Ref. 166) lists the potential-determining ion and its concentration giving zero charge on the mineral. There is a large family of minerals for which hydrogen (or hydroxide) ion is potential determining—oxides, silicates, phosphates, carbonates, and so on. For these, adsorption of surfactant ions is highly pH-dependent. An example is shown in Fig. XI-14. This type of behavior has important applications in flotation and is discussed further in Section XIII-4.

Another class of inhibitors in near-neutral solutions act by stabilising oxide films on metals to form thin protective passivating films. Such inhibitors are the anions of weak acids, some of the most important in practice being chromate, nitrite, benzoate, silicate, phosphate and borate. Passivating... 

VIOLET Potassium compounds other than silicates, phosphates and borates rubidium and cesium are similar. Color is masked by lithium and/or sodium, appears purple-red through cobalt glass and bluish-green glass. 

Among the precipitants employed were tannic acid, tartar emetic, rosin soaps, fatty acid (stearic, oleic) soaps, sulphonated oils (Turkey red oil), earth lakes (mixed natural silicates), phosphates, casein and arsenious acid. The fastness properties of these pigments... 

Analytical Procedures. Mn was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) or the formaldioxime method (27J. Ca, Mg and Fe were determined by AAS. Silicate, phosphate, sulphate and chloride were determined using techniques described in Standard Methods (28). The molybdosi1icate method was used for silicate. Phosphate was determined using the vanadomolybdophosphoric acid method. Sulphate was determined by BaSO gravimetry. Chloride was determined by the mercuric chloride method. Salicylate and phthalate were determined by UV spectrophotometry. 

Karpoff, A. M., Peterschmitt, I. Hoffert, M. 1980. Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Sedimentary Deposits on Emperor Seamounts, Sites 430, 431 and 432 Authigenesis of Silicates, Phosphates and Ferromanganese Oxides. Initial Reports Deep Sea Drilling Project, LV, US Gov. Print. Office, 463-489. 

Carbonates Silicates Phosphates Oxides Native elements... 

Inorganic acid esters nitrates (e.g. methyl nitrate, nitroglycol, nitroglycerine), silicates (e.g. ethyl silicate), phosphates (e.g. triphenyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate), mixed esters of nitric and hydrochloric acid (e.g. chlorohydrin dinitrate). 

Chemically, inorganic pigments are quite simple materials and include elements, their oxides, mixed oxides, sulfides, chromates, silicates, phosphates, and carbonates. The application usefulness of inorganic pigments is determined by physical as well as chemical properties. 

With lean waters there is a tendency to operate cooling systems at high cycles of concentration, perhaps 10 to 15x COC, depending on the particular circumstances (including the physical limit of COC for the cooling system under consideration). This not only provides economic benefits but also reduces the highly corrosive nature inherent in most low-calcium waters. A further benefit is that a high COC may permit the presence of sufficient calcium to serve as a corrosion inhibitor in combination with a silicate, phosphate, or phosphonate formulation component. 

Aluminium is the third most abundant element in the earth s crust and is used widely in the manufacture of construction materials, wiring, packaging materials and cookware. The metal and its compounds are used in the paper, glass and textile industries as well as in food additives. Despite the abundance of the metal, its chemical nature effectively excludes it from normal metabolic processes. This is due largely to the low solubility of aluminium silicates, phosphates and oxides that result in the aluminium being chemically unavailable. However, it can cause toxic effects when there are raised concentrations of aluminium in water used for renal dialysis. These effects are not seen when aluminium is at the concentrations usually present in drinking water. There is currently much activity to examine the factors that influence uptake of aluminium from the diet. 

Magnesium and its alloys Dilute silicate/phosphate rinse followed by chromium treatment... 

There are a number of interferences in magnesium determination in the air-acetylene flame, the best known being silicate, phosphate, and aluminium, so a releasing agent, e.g. lanthanum at a final dilution of 5 mg ml" must always be used. 

The literature on inorganic open-framework materials abounds in the synthesis and characterization of metal silicates, phosphates and carboxylates. Most of these materials have an organic amine as the template. In the last few years, it has been shown that anions such as sulfate, selenite and selenate can also be employed to obtain organically templated open-framework materials. This tutorial review provides an up-to-date survey of organically templated metal sulfates, selenites and selenates, prepared under hydrothermal conditions. The discussion includes one-, two-, and three-dimensional structures of these materials, many of which possess open architectures, The article should be useful to practitioners of inorganic and materials chemistry, besides students and teachers. The article serves to demonstrate how most oxy-anions can be used to build complex structures with metal-oxygen polyhedra. 

The lithosphere consists primarily of rocks and minerals. Some of the important classes of metal compounds found in the lithosphere are oxides, sulfides, silicates, phosphates, and carbonates. The atmosphere surrounding the earth contains oxygen, so several metals such as iron, aluminum, tin, magnesium, and chromium are found in nature as the oxides. Sulfur is found in many places in the earth s crust (particularly in regions where there is volcanic activity), so some metals are found combined with sulfur as metal sulfides. Metals found as sulfides include copper, silver, nickel, mercury, zinc, and lead. A few metals, especially sodium, potassium, and magnesium, are found as the chlorides. Several carbonates and phosphates occur in the lithosphere, and calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate are particularly important minerals. 

Inorganic geochemistry is one of the few fields where the old wet chemistry of silicate, phosphate, carbonate and sulfide materials has been retained and even developed further. 

Calcium Calcite, sulphates, organic association, silicates, phosphates... 

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