Signal transduction calcium, role

Small ubiquitous calcium-binding protein. Calmodulin binds and regulates the activity of many protein targets involved in cellular signal transduction pathways mediated by calcium. Calmodulin is ranked among the most conserved proteins and plays a key role in many cellular processes. 

Somlyo AP, Somlyo AV 2000 Signal transduction by G-proteins, Rho-kinase and protein phosphatase to smooth muscle and non-muscle myosin II. J Physiol 522 177—185 Somlyo AP, Devine CE, Somlyo AV, N orth SR 1971 Sarcoplasmicreticulumand the temperature-dependent contraction of smooth muscle in calcium-free solutions. J Cell Biol 51 722—741 Somlyo AP, Walker JW, Goldman YE et al 1988 Inositol trisphosphate, calcium and muscle contraction. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 320 399 114 Somlyo AP, Wu X, Walker LA, Somlyo AV 1999 Pharmacomechanical coupling the role of calcium, G-proteins, kinases and phosphatases. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 134 201-234... 

In addition to its role as a bone component, calcium functions as a signaling substance. Ca "" ions act as second messengers in signal transduction pathways (see p. 386), they trigger exocytosis (see p. 228) and muscle contraction (see p. 334), and they are indispensable as cofactors in blood coagulation (see p. 290). Many enzymes also require Ca "" for their activity. The intracellular and extracellular concentrations of Ca "" are strictly regulated in order to make these functions possible (see B, C, and p.388). 

Unfortunately, at the present time the physiological function of the majority of calcium binding proteins is unknown, and before the complexity of the calcium messenger system can be completely elucidated, the function of these proteins must be clarified. Accordingly, the purpose of the review is to briefly document the various cellular calcium binding proteins and where possible discuss the role of these proteins in the signal transduction process. Since our knowledge of the role of cal-... 

With modest increase in intracellular ROS levels, activation of NF-kB takes place, which protects the cell against oxidative stress [45], Direct root of ROS participation in signal transduction from cell membrane to intracellular metabolic reactions were recently described. Among them - activation of potential-dependent K-channels and variation of membrane potential, inhibition of cellular protein phosphatases and restriction of activity of MAP-kinase [49]. Such view on intracellular role of ROS consider them as second messengers, which together with cyclic nucleotides, calcium ions, and other biologically active compounds provides adequate cell response to the outer signals. 

---