Signal robustness

Phospho-protein, causes SG assembly Strong signal, robust SG marker... 

Large range of variation with small response of the analytical signal (robustness of the analytical method)... 

Cai, A. Q., K. Radtke, A. Linville, et al. 2012. Cellular Retinoic Acid-Binding Proteins Are Essential for Hindbrain Patterning and Signal Robustness in Zehrafish. Development 139, no 12 2150-55. 

Another method, called photobleaching, works on robust soHds but may cause photodecomposition in many materials. The simplest solution to the fluorescence problem is excitation in the near infrared (750 nm—1.06 pm), where the energy of the incident photons is lower than the electronic transitions of most organic materials, so fluorescence caimot occur. The Raman signal can then be observed more easily. The elimination of fluorescence background more than compensates for the reduction in scattering efficiency in the near infrared. Only in the case of transition-metal compounds, which can fluoresce in the near infrared, is excitation in the midvisible likely to produce superior results in practical samples (17). 

The robust eontrol problem is to find a eontrol law whieh maintains system response and error signals within preseribed toleranees despite the effeets of uneertainty on the system. Forms of uneertainty inelude... 

Robustness. The relative ordering of the triangular episodes in a trend is invariant to scaling of both the time axis and the function value. It is also invariant to any linear transformation (e.g., rotation, translation). Finally it is quite robust to uncertainties in the real value of the signal (e.g., noise), provided that the extent of a maximal episode is much larger than the period of noise. 

Volume 18 Signal Treatment and Signal Analysis in NMR, edited by D.N. Rutledge Volume 19 Robustness of Analytical Chemical Methods and Pharmaceutical Technological Products, edited by M.W.B. Hendriks, J.H. de Boer and A.K. Smilde Volume 20A Handbook of Chemometrics and Qualimetrics Part A, by D.L. Massart, B.G.M. 

The preceding sections have established that the U-series information from arc lavas is a complex end-product of several different processes and this is especially true for U-Th isotopes. The two observations that seem to be most robust are (1) the need to transfer the Ra-excess signal from the subducting plate into the melting zone and to the surface in less than a few 1000 years, and (2) the need for a partial melting process which allows for Pa in-growth. There are a number of different models which can take account of these two requirements but which have different implications for the U-Th isotope arrays. 

The usefulness of NMR in such analysis is because the proton spin-relaxation time constants are different for different components, such as water, liquid fat and solid fat. For example, the signal from solid fat is found to decay rapidly while the liquid signals decay much slower. This phenomenon is the basis for an NMR technique to determine the solid fat content [20], However, as the relaxation time constant of water, for example, could depend on its local environment, such as protein concentration, it may overlap with that of oil and other components. As a result, it could be difficult to formulate a robust and universal relaxation analysis. It... 

The centric scan, one-dimensional, DHK SPRITE measurement was used to study the ingress of lithium. This measurement technique was selected due to the low absolute sensitivity of 7Li (27% of [36]), the small amounts that are present and the short signal lifetimes (bulk Tx of 10 ms and T2 of 120 ps). In addition to the robust, quantitative nature of this technique, lithium is a quadrupolar nucleus and interpretation of the image intensity is more complex than spin % nuclei. Once again Eq. (3.4.2) is quantitatively correct for even quadrupolar nuclei due to the fact the longitudinal steady state does not influence the image intensity. 

Fluorescence-based methods do not directly measure ionic current but, rather, measure either membrane-potential-dependent or ion-concentration-dependent changes of fluorescence signals (from fluorescent dyes loaded into the cytosol or cell membrane) as a result of ionic flux. Because fluorescence-based methods give robust and homogeneous cell population measurement, these assays are relatively easy to set up and achieve high throughput. 

---