Side effects cost-benefit ratios

Factors That Affect Compliance Side Effects, Risk-Benefit Ratio, Drug-Drug Interactions, Pharmacokinetic or Pharmacodynamic Effects, Cost, and Preferences... 

The typology of clinical studies differentiates four types according to their aims (7.) pharmacological studies, (2.) therapeutic explorative studies, (i.) therapeutic confirmative studies, and (4.) drug-monitoring studies. The purpose of the last-mentioned group is to define the cost/benefit ratio more precisely, identify rare side effects and provide better dosage recommendations. 

The production and field testing of viral vectors face similar challenges. Trials in France using recombinant lentiviruses for amelioration of severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SGID) produced significant side effects in subjects, and one person died. Fear of litigation, often warranted, has made many companies conclude that the cost-benefit ratio is simply too high. 

Opposite harms are the benefits of the addition of substances. The ratio of costs to benefits is a critical unit in some safety assessment systems. Cost-benefit ratios may apply to individuals or groups. For example, an individual may benefit from a treatment but may experience side effects. Another example is the case of iron supplementation to reduce infant risk of anemia. Some or all of the infants within a group may benefit from receiving additional iron, while some may be harmed (e.g., experience constipation) on average, however, the population that benefits from iron fortification will be larger than the population that experiences harm. 

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