Short notes on the following

We know that the concept of entropy is the fundamental consequence of the second law of thermodynamics. There are two other functions, which utilize entropy in their derivations. These two functions are free energy function and work function. These functions like the internal energy, heat content and entropy are fundamental thermodynamic properties and depend upon the states of the system only. 

It has also been explained before, that a part of internal energy of a system can be utilized at constant temperature to do useful work. So, this fraction of internal energy which is isothermally available is called the work function of the system. It is denoted by the symbol A. The exact nature of the functions will be clear as follows  

In order to obtain some understanding of the physical significance of the work function, consider an isothermal change from the initial state to the final state. The two states are represented by the subscripts 1 and 2, respectively. In such a case, (3) can be written as, 

The temperature remains the same as the process is an isothermal one. Subtracting equation (4) from (5), we have, 

Suppose the change is brought about reversibly at a constant temperature T, then the heat absorbed will be equal to rev (say). Thus, the increase in entropy is given by, 

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Problem 4 Define and discuss or write short notes on the following ... 

Write a short note on the following oral hypoglycemic agents ... 

Write short notes on the following methods of synthesising chiral molecules a using a chiral auxiliary... 

Calorimetric measurements are often quite simple to perform, but as heat is such a ubiquitous phenomenon, there are many sources of error, and measurements should be made following proven operational procedures. We discuss here some of the most important operational issues with isothermal and semiadiabatic calorimetries and give some short notes on the heat-of-solution method as well. 

This section is aimed at showing the state of activities undertaken to date. Initially, a short survey was carried out on the level of technology attained so far in the use of computers in safety circuits. Concrete implementations could be noted in the following areas ... 

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