Shock wave attenuator energy

The shock wave is soon exhausted for it encounters enough iron in its path to block its progress. Its energy is consumed photodisintegrating iron nuclei and it is attenuated and fades out. But help is on its way. The neutrino army strikes out, ready to communicate its outward drive. For given the extreme density of the matter the neutrinos must pass through, these usually discreet... 

Attenuation (decay) of shock waves (Refs 10, 37, 46, 77) Energy in shock waves (Refs 40 72) Ionization in shock waves (Ref 53) Light (luminescence) produced by shock waves (Refs 19 21) Spectra of shock waves (Ref 30) Temperature in shock waves (Refs 9, 38 48) Velocity of shock waves (Refs 18a, 24 ... 

During an underground nuclear explosion, almost all the energy released is trapped in the first few tens of metres surrounding the explosion point. The energy is mainly absorbed by the vaporization of the rock in the immediate vicinity of the explosion point, then by the fracturing of the material. Beyond a certain distance, known as the elastic radius , the shock wave is sufficiently attenuated for the movements to be reversible after the wave has passed, the material returns to its initial state. All that... 

A qualitative interpretation of these results is that the hot-wire is heated by collision of supersaturated vapor molecules and clusters which will condense and discharge condensation heat energy to the wire surface. Although we have not directly identify a formation of clusters or liquid droplets in the vapor flow yet, we have another clue to imply their formation in the flow field measurement by laser beam attenuation method. A typical signal output from photodiode detector of R-11 vapor is shown in Fig. 4 (as symbolized by "LB"). The intensity of transmitted laser beam starts decreasing at the incidence of shock wave... 

It is found that through the complicated wave interaction, the incident shock energy was in part absorbed by reflected expansion wave, rebound shock wave and then the bubble deformation, and the incident shock wave is significantly attenuated. The present study has been done under an idealized condition. Therefore, more works have to be done in the future with combining various parameters such as shock overpressures and the size and number of bubbles. 

From the point-of-view of technological practice it is important to study the effects of inert admixtiues added to EMs upon the sensitivity of resulting mixtures (see also Sect. 3.1, papers [92,93]). Desensitization of detonable materials by diluent was studied by Rice et al. [ 113] on the basis of molecular-dynamics investigation. An inert diluent, a heavy material, was inserted into a crystalline explosive in two ways. The first series of simulations investigates the attenuation of the energy of a detonation wave in a pure explosive after it encounters a small layer of crystalline diluent that has been inserted into the lattice of the pure explosive. After the shock wave has passed through the diluent layer, it re-enters the pure explosive. Unsupported detonation is not re-established unless the energy of the detonation wave exceeds a threshold... 

According to the Zeldovich criteria, the duration of the initiating shock wave is approximately equal to the combustion mixture induction time T/, by the time the SW intensity falls to the C-J condition value. When the SW is rapidly attenuated, the chemical energy may have no time to be released. Therefore, there should be some minimum energy for spherical detonation initiation. 

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