Shock wave attenuator

Ahrens, T.J., and O Keefe, J.D. (1977), Equation of State and Impact-Induced Shock-Wave Attenuation on the Moon, in Impact and Explosion Cratering (edited by Roddy D.J. et al.), Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 639-656. 

Britan A, Ben-Dor G, Igra O, Shapiro H. Shock waves attenuation by granular filters. Int J Multiphase Flow 2001 27(4) 617-34. 

Britan, A., Ben-Dor, G., Shapiro, H., 2006. Shock wave attenuation by grids and orifice plates [J]. Shock Waves, 16 1-15. 

Shock wave velocity in an inert material as a function of the distance from the explosive charge/inert material interface is determined on the basis of view ing a laser beam that is reflected from the optical barriers in the inert material by a photomultiplier and an oscilloscope. From the plot of the shock wave velocity vs. distance (shock wave attenuation curve) obtained for an inert... 

The diameter should be sufficient to allow attenuation of the shock wave leaving the deflector plate. 

Fowles, G.R. (1960), Attenuation of the Shock Wave Produced in a Solid by a Flying Plate, J. Appl. Phys. 31, 655-661. 

W. Herrmann, D.L. Hicks, and E.G. Young, Attenuation of Elastic-Plastic Stress Waves, in Shock Waves and the Mechanical Properties of Solids (edited by J.J. Burke and V. Weiss), Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, 1971, pp. 23-63. 

The shock wave is soon exhausted for it encounters enough iron in its path to block its progress. Its energy is consumed photodisintegrating iron nuclei and it is attenuated and fades out. But help is on its way. The neutrino army strikes out, ready to communicate its outward drive. For given the extreme density of the matter the neutrinos must pass through, these usually discreet... 

I. Jaffe et al, "Determination of Shock Pressure Required to Initiate Detonation of an Acceptor in the Shock Sensitivity Test , ARS-J 32, 22-25 (1962). In experiments performed at NOL by Jaffe et al, the assembly shown in Fig 3 was used to measure the attenuation of a shock wave in a Lucite rod. The shock wave was initiated by a... 

LASL, Los Alamos, NM. The transducer described in his paper and shown in Fig 31 was in the form of an uncharged parallel-plate capacitor which had an explosive as a dielectric. One plate was connected to the signal input terminal of an oscilloscope, while the other plate was grounded and acted as part of the attenuator in the boosting system. When the shock wave in the grounded attenuator plate hir the explosive, a voltage appeared across the capacitor and a pulse appeared on the oscilloscope. Two oscilloscopes were used to record the waveform of the current in the transducer circuit which consisted of a small capacitance shunted by the small resistance of the signal cable. 

When an "unconfined expl is fired while suspended freely in air the shock wave which develops in the air surrounding the cartridge will attenuate rapidly as it spreads laterally, and its front will maintain the same velocity as the deton wave, provided that the wave itself is steady. The front of the shock... 

Attenuation (decay) of shock waves (Refs 10, 37, 46, 77) Energy in shock waves (Refs 40 72) Ionization in shock waves (Ref 53) Light (luminescence) produced by shock waves (Refs 19 21) Spectra of shock waves (Ref 30) Temperature in shock waves (Refs 9, 38 48) Velocity of shock waves (Refs 18a, 24 ... 

Bleakney, JApplPhys 19, 670-78(1948) (Attenuation of spherical shock waves in air) 12a) W.B. Cybulski, PrRoySoc 197A, 51-72(1949) (Explosion waves and shock waves) 13) H.A. Bethe E. Teller, "Deviation from Thermal Equilibrium in Shock Waves , BRL Rept X-117 ( l949)... 

Jones, "Experimental Investigation of Attenuation of Strong Shock Waves in a Shock Tube with Hydrogen and Helium as Driver Gases , Langley Aeronautical Field, NACA TN4072(1957) 45) T. Sakurai,... 

As pointed out by Britton (15), the measurements are useful in design and research studies pertaining to (1) vibration analysis of structure, (2) propellant viscoelastic behavior, (3) oscillating combustion, (4) internal attenuation of shock waves, and (5) fatigue life. 

Another favored test for the past few years has been a form of gap testing, usually cards, whereby the explosive stimulus necessary to initiate the material to detonation is determined. Again, as for impact testing, the results are presented in terms of inches or numbers of cards which attenuate the donor shock wave to non-initiation. The results are much more valuable if expressed in terms of the minimum initiation pressure necessary to initiate the system since a quantitative assessment... 

The minimum shock wave pressure that causes complete detonation of the explosive under test is a measure of shock sensitivity of the explosive and is determined with the help of a gap test . The principle of this test is to subject the explosive under test to the action of a shock wave of known pressure generated by means of a calibrated donor charge and a shock wave pressure attenuator. 

Attenuation of shock waves in air as a function of distance was detd by R.G.Stoner W.Bleakney, JApplPhys 19, 670-8(1948) CA 42, 8475(1948). They measured the velocity of propagation produced on expin in air of chges TNT or 50/50 Pentolite 1.45 to 8 lb (either spherical or cylindrical in shape) and then caled peak pressures by applying the velocity-pressure relation derived from the Rankine-Hugoniot equations... 

In all the techniques described here, it is assumed that the shock wave is plane and parallel to the wedge-and-attenuator interface. The initial shock and particle velocity vs pressure in the wedge are obtained from a graphical solution involving the wedge density, early average shock velocity, and pressure in the... 

Calculated results on shock wave loading of different inert barriers in a wide range of their dynamic properties under explosion on their surfaces of concrete size charges of different explosive materials in various initial states were obtained with the use of the one-dimensional computer hydrocode EP. Barriers due to materials such as polystyrene, textolite, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, copper, tantalum or tungsten were examined (Fig. 9.35). Initial values of pressure and other parameters of loading on the interface explosive-barrier were determined in the process of conducted calculations. Phenomena of propagation and attenuation of shock waves in barrier materials were considered too for all possible situations. 

Attenuation of Shock Waves by Vented Plates, BRL Report No. 1906, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., August 1976. (U)... 

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