Shock phenomena

Shock phenomena, such as shock-induced polarization, have no known counterpart in other environments. In that regard, the distinctive behaviors present the greatest opportunity to determine details of shock-compression processes. Unexplored phenomena, such as electrochemistry [88G02], offer considerable potential for developing improved descriptions of shock-compressed matter. 

As a consequence of implicit mass conservation, the gas-dynamic conservation equations, expressed in Lagrangean form, can describe contact discontinuities. To prevent oscillating behavior in places where shock phenomena are resolved in the... 

Initiation (of Condensed Explosives) by Gas Detonations does not involve the same phenomena as Initiation by Primers or Boosters. The pressures generated in gas detonations are too low to produce sufficiently intense shocks in condensed explosives for shock phenomena to play a major role in the initiation of the latter. Even the energetic C2H2 + 02 detonation produces a detonation pressure of only ca 43 atm for an initial gas pressure of 1 atm. The max shock... 

In the next section we will present a brief review of shock phenomena. Section III will describe exptl methods of determining shock sensitivity. Factors affecting shock sensitivity will be discussed in Section IV. Representative shock sensitivity data will be presented in Section V. Sections VI and VII will consider the mechanisms of shock initiation for homogeneous... 

In recent years, flyer plate shock sensitivity tests have begun to be used extensively. Basically these tests consist of propelling a thin plate against the expl sample. The variables in this test are plate velocity, plate material and plate thickness. The shock phenomena involved in the flyer plate expts are sketched in Fig 1. The plate velocity at impact is Ufs, the so-called free surface velocity. The intersection of the reflected characteristics of the shock Hugoniot of the plate material (drawn upwards from Ufs) with the P—u curve of the expl then gives the shock state in the expl at the impacted expl surface (P2, u2 in the example)... 

Rapid aerodynamic flow past obstacles involves adiabatic compressions and rarefactions, and is influenced by relaxation of internal degrees of freedom in a way similar to shock phenomena. This effect has been quantitatively treated by Kan-trowitz18, who developed a method for obtaining relaxation times by measuring the pressure developed in a small Pitot tube which forms an obstacle in a rapid gas stream. This impact tube is not a very accurate technique, and requires a very large amount of gas it has been used to obtain a vibrational relaxation time for steam. 

The chemical engineer s interest in the shock phenomena stems from its capability for heating gas to temperatures as high as 106 °K., then quenching them rapidly. The shock tube has demonstrated its utility for... 

We can begin to understand shock phenomena by first considering the compression characteristics of most materials. For the purpose of this course, we will consider solid materials however, what we describe for solids also applies (in principle) to liquids and gases. 

It is our great desire dial this volume stimulate, inspire, and excite its readers and provide them an opening to experimental understanding of natural shock phenomena. 

Shock Phenomena in Large Departures from Equilibrium... 

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