Shell Chemical Solvents

Fast Evaporating—Relative Evaporation Rate )3.0 Molecular Weiglit C op 

TETRAHYDROFUKAN pCHjCHjCHjCII.. 72.10 Medium Evaporating—Relative Evaporation Rate 0.8-3.0 660 150.8 

Slow Evaporating—Relative Evaporation Rate (0.8 Wriglit C F 

AMYL ACKTATE, PRIMAHY (Mixetl laomera) (95%) CII,COOC,H 130.18 146.0 2948 

DIETilYLENE GLYCOL MONOETHYL ETHER- high gravity C,H,0(CtH40),H — 190-205 374-401  

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Shell Chemicals, Solvent Systems Design, Tech. BuU. International Chemical Society (X)/78/2 (1987). 

The Shell Chemical solvents, Tolu-Sol and other aliphatic hydrocarbons, contain only trace amounts of HAPs and are not reportable under SARA, Section 313. The hydrotreated (HT) solvents are classified as nonphotochemi-cal reactive as defined by the South Coast Air Quality Management District Rule 102. Often, these solvents can be logical substitutes for regulated aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Licensed by Shell the Sulfinol process combines the properties of a physical and a chemical solvent. The Sulfinol solution consists of a mixture of sulfolane (tetrahydrothiophene 1-1 dioxide), which is a physical solvent, diisopropanolamine (DIPA), and water. DIPA is a chemical solvent that was discussed under the amines. 

Shell Chemical material (92% minimum purity) was used. It was noted by the checkers that redistilled isoprene gave slightly better yields. The excess isoprene serves both as a solvent and for mass action. Moreover, dichlorophenylphosphine tends to dissolve in the product, and excess isoprene, by extracting the solid, promotes completion of reaction. 

Materials. Reagent grade solvents, dimethyl formamide (DMF), dimethyl acetamide (DMAC), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methanol were purchased from Baker, stored over molecular sieves once opened, and used without further purification. Aminoethane thiosulfuric acid (AETSA) purchased from Kodak, and Taurine, purchased from Alfa were purified by recrystallization. Each was thrice recrystallized from hot, deionized water. The crystalline precipitate was dried (48 hours at 40 °C) in-vacuo and subsequently stored in a desiccator. Benzophenone (BP) was purchased from Aldrich Chemical Company. QUANTACURE BTC (BTC), (4-benzolybenzyl) trimethylammonium chloride, was used as supplied by Aceto, Inc., Flushing, New York. Phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE) was purchased from MCB, distilled in-vacuo. and stored at -15 °C. Epon 828 was used as supplied bv Shell Chemical Company. The epoxy equivalent weight (EEW) for Epon 828 determined by an appropriate titration, was found to be 187.7. 

Commercial acrolein (Shell Chemical Corp.) was distilled and shaken with an equal volume of anhydrous calcium sulfate for 30 minutes. The acrolein (containing an impurity of 3.5% of propionaldehyde) was distilled again just before use (b.p., 52.5—52.9° C.). Oxidation products identified using acrolein (99.9% purity) without propionaldehyde, which was removed by the Tischenko reaction (31). Solvents were used after purification (especially dehydration) by conventional methods. 

There are certain instances where this approach may be regarded as an attractive option. For example, Cossi and Crescenzi (2003) found that accurate computation of NMR chemical shifts for alcohols, etliers, and carbonyls in aqueous solution required at least one explicit solvent shell, but that beyond that shell a continuum could be used to replace what would otherwise be a need for a much larger cluster. However, just as the strengths of the two models are combined, so are the weaknesses. A typical first shell of solvent for a small molecule may be expected to be composed of a dozen or so solvent molecules. The resulting supermolecular cluster will inevitably be characterized by a large number of accessible structures that are local minima on the cluster PES, so that statistical sampling will have to be undertaken to obtain a proper equilibrium distribution. Thus, QM methods require a substantial investment of computational resources. In addition, certain technical points require attention, e.g., how does one keep the first solvent shell from exchanging with the continuum since both, in principle, foster identical solvation interactions ... 

The preparation and characterization of the VR and ESR liquid rubbers and of the two-phase epoxy thermosets were described in detail previously (3-6). DGEBA is a solid epoxy resin (Epon 825) from Shell Chemical Company. ESO and ELO are commercial products from Atochem. Samples of VO and crambe oil were obtained from the U.S. Department of Agriculture. All other reagents and solvents were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co. and Fisher Scientific Co. and used without additional purification. 

The oxygenated solvent in greatest use in coatings today (about 335 million Ib/yr) is methyl ethyl ketone. In 1932 Shell Chemical became the first commercial producer. It was made from n-butylene by hydration and subsequent dehydrogenation. Methyl ethyl ketone also is currently coproduced with acetic acid by the oxidation of n-butane by other manufacturers. 

Solvent Properties Chart" Shell Chemical Co., Bulletin SC 48-74, 1974. 

Evaporation Rates of Solvents as Determined Using the Shell Automatic Thin Film Evaporometer" Shell Chemical Co. Bulletin IC 69-39, 1969. 

SbeB Ttduene. [Shell] Toluene solvent for drycleaning, coatii automotive, and chemical specialties. 

Shell SoL [Shell] Hydrocarbon solvents for drydeaning, coatings, auttmiotive, and chemical specialties. 

Shell Chemical Technical Bulletin, "Solvent System Design," Rotterdam 1978, Solubility Parameters," Rotterdam 1978, Solvent Power," Rotterdam 1979. 

Thermoplastic rubber block copolymers, with completely new adhesive performance, were developed in 1965 [21]. The first commercial product was Shell Chemical s Kraton 101, of styrene polybutadiene-styrene composition. This development led to the carboxy-terminated nitrile (CTBN) rubber modifiers used to flexibilize epoxy and other brittle resin adhesives in the late 1960s. Today, the thermoplastic rubber block copolymer adhesives are used in hot melt-, solvent- and water-based adhesives, and as hot melt- and solvent-based sealants. Major applications are as pressure-sensitive adhesives, construction adhesives and sealants, and general assembly adhesives. 

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