Shear-out plane

Elastic modulus of the radial direction considered Elastic modulus in the x-direction Elastic modulus in the y-direction Elastic modulus in the tangential direction considered Direct force in the fastener Eoad on joint in the x-direction Eoad on joint in the y-direction Shear modulus in the shear-out plane (s—n) considered Shear modulus in the x—y plane Average bearing stress on the fasteners given by... 

Shear stress in the shear-out plane Far field shear stress... 

P(7) Shear-out failure (Figure 5.11 (c)) is caused by shear stresses and occurs along shear-out planes on the hole boundary in the principal fastener load Hirectinn Shear-niit failure occurs in laminates where the end distance is... 

Shear-out failure is evaluated along shear-out planes (s—n planes) (Figure 5.19(c)). It is assumed that failure occurs when the maximum shear stress Xsn,s along the shear-out plane reaches the characteristic shear strength Xsnj< of the laminate. 

Figure 5.19(c) Calculation of shear-out failure along shear-out planes (s—n planes). 

Figure 5.19(c) of the EUROCOMP Design Code shows the shear stress distribution, sn. along the so-called shear-out plane. The actual stress field depends on a number of parameters such as elastic properties of the laminate and the fastener, clearance, friction and load magnitude, and loading direction (tensile or compressive). 

Shear-out failure is evaluated along shear-out planes (s—n planes), which originate from opposite points on the hole boundary where the contact between bolt and laminate ends. The shear-out planes are parallel to the direction of the principal bolt load (Figure 5.20). It is assumed that failure occurs when the shear stress Xsn,s reaches the unnotched shear strength Xsn,k of the laminate, at some characteristic distance Sk away from the hole edge. The unnotched shear strength is predicted from ... 

Table 5.5 Normalised shear stress k =-r xy/o n along the shear-out plane at different distances x/d from the hole boundary for basic load case 3.

The shear stress distribution (xsn,s) along the shear-out planes (x-y planes) of parts 2a and... 

A sufficient theoretical basis for the use of electrophoresis to measure the PZC, as discussed in Sec. 3.2, can be developed with Eq. 3.37 and the single assumption that the plane of shear coincides with the periphery of the surface complexes on a soil particle. Under this assumption, the vanishing of ctd at the PZC (Table 3.1) implies that the surface charge density on the plane of shear vanishes as well. This condition and its consequence, p x) = 0, then must also obtain on any plane beyond the plane of shear out into the mobile liquid phase, but Eqs. 1.13 and 3.26 applied to these planes lead to the conclusion that the inner potential, iif x), is equal to a constant everywhere in the mobile liquid phase. This constant may be set equal to zero, from which it follows that = 0 and that u in Eq. 3.37 vanishes at the PZC, as illustrated in Fig. 3.1, Thus it is not... 

Table 5.8 Predicted shear-out failure for parts 2a and 2b along shearout plane at =90°.

Characteristic dimensions (shear-out failure) X—y plane Sk,xv not available... 

Condition 3 was checked by a combination of e.x situ AFM and ex situ HRTEVf carried out respectively inside the wear scars and on the wear particles extracted from the contact area. AFM images (not reproduced here) confirmed the cleanliness of the external surface inside the wear scar, with the (002) easy-shear basal planes oriented parallel to the sliding direction. HRTEM micrographs from the wear fragments (Fig. 20) showed the existence of Moir patterns characteristic of superimposed crystals with a misfit angle between them, as simu-... 

Rem the in-plane and out-plane shear moduli Gj2 and G23 are identical when particles are spherical... 

Because the fibers generally are anisotropic, they tend to be deposited on the wire in layers under shear. There is Htde tendency for fibers to be oriented in an out-of-plane direction, except for small undulations where one fiber crosses or passes beneath another. The layered stmcture results in the different properties measured in the thickness direction as compared to those measured in the in-plane direction. The orthotropic behavior of paper is observed in most paper properties and especially in the electrical and mechanical properties. 

The out-of-plane shearing strains of an anisotropic lamina due to in-plane shearing stress and normal stresses are... 

Another issue that turns out to be very important for the sandwich-blade stiffener, but not at all important for the hat-shaped stiffener, is shear in the vertical web. Not shear in the plane of the web, but shear in the plane perpendicular to the web. This transverse shear stiffness turns out to dominate the behavior or be very important in the behavior of the sandwich blade, but simply is not addressed at all in the hatshaped stiffener. You can imagine that the transverse shearing stiffness would be more important in the sandwich blade when you consider the observation that the sandwich blade is a thick element and the hatshaped stiffener is a thin element. That is, bending and in-plane shear would dominate this response, whereas transverse shear, because the sandwich blade is thick, can very easily be an important factor in the sandwich blade. For both stiffeners, appropriate analyses and design rationale have been developed to be able to make an optimally shaped stiffener. 

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