Shape optimized synthesis

As for normal liquids, modeling of droplet processes of melts provides tremendous opportunities to improve the understanding of the fundamental phenomena and underlying physics in the processes. It also provides basic guidelines for optimization and on-line control of the processes. This section is devoted to a comprehensive review of process models, computational methods, and numerical modeling results of the droplet processes of melts. The emphasis of this section will be placed on the droplet processes in spray atomization for metal powder production, and spray forming for near-net shape materials synthesis and manufacturing. Details of these processes have been described in Ref. 3. 

Recent reports describe the use of various porous carbon materials for protein adsorption. For example, Hyeon and coworkers summarized the recent development of porous carbon materials in their review [163], where the successful use of mesoporous carbons as adsorbents for bulky pollutants, as electrodes for supercapacitors and fuel cells, and as hosts for protein immobilization are described. Gogotsi and coworkers synthesized novel mesoporous carbon materials using ternary MAX-phase carbides that can be optimized for efficient adsorption of large inflammatory proteins [164]. The synthesized carbons possess tunable pore size with a large volume of slit-shaped mesopores. They demonstrated that not only micropores (0.4—2 nm) but also mesopores (2-50 nm) can be tuned in a controlled way by extraction of metals from carbides, providing a mechanism for the optimization of adsorption systems for selective adsorption of a large variety of biomolecules. Furthermore, Vinu and coworkers have successfully developed the synthesis of... 

Following these considerations, the pH of these systems was actively controlled by the addition of inorganic salts (acids or bases) [51]. As a matter of fact, a 20-fold increase in the initial rate could be observed upon addition of KHC03 or K2C03 in the synthesis of Z-L-Asp-L-Phe-OMe, but 1.5 equivalents of salt were optimal to obtain yields of more than 90%. The profile of initial rate as a function of K2C03 concentration displayed a bell-shaped figure typically seen for pH effects on enzyme activity (Figure 12.3). 

Although monoliths have many attractive features, their synthesis can prove troublesome. It is often a matter of trial and error to find the correct combination of monomer, cross-linking agent, poragen, initiator and polymerization temperature to obtain workable results. This optimization process must be repeated each time until ideal conditions are found [114,115]. However, this process allows for the formation of a monolith of virtually any shape desired, normally some form of secondary containment, such as a column. 

The importance of this cycloaromatization in modern aromatic chemistry only became obvious when it was realized that it constitutes an optimal route to bowl-shaped aromatics and fullerene partial structures [9, 18, 19]. The key experiment, Scott s synthesis of cor-annulene (40) from 7,10-diethynylfluoranthene (37) [20], was quickly adapted to more extended systems, the examples 38 —> 41 [21] and 39 —> 42 [22] in Scheme 10 being just two of many ... 

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