Shape application-oriented testing

Application-Oriented Testing of Shape-Memory Polymers. 133... 

In this chapter, methods are discussed for the characterization of the chemical structure, the morphology, and the thermal properties of SMPs. Methods for quantification of the macroscopic SME are described in detail for dual-shape and tripleshape polymer systems with thermally-induced SME as well as polymer-systems with photo-induced or magnetically-induced SME. Finally, application-oriented testing of SMPs and also theoretical approaches and computational methods for simulating the SME are described. 

Another common way of classifying combustors is according to their geometry that includes their shape and orientation. The two most common shapes are rectangular and cylindrical. The two most common orientations are horizontal and vertical, although inclined furnaces are commonly used in certain applications such as rotary cement furnaces. An example of using the shape and orientation of the furnace as a means of classification would be a vertical cylindrical heater (sometimes referred to as a VC) used to heat fluids in the petrochemical industry. Both the furnace shape and orientation have important effects on the heat transfer in the system. They also determine the type of test that will be done. 

The assessment question of concern here is the application of these test results to real buildings. Use of damage functions such as developed by Lipfert et al. (3) or Haynie (O implies a direct 1 1 correspondence regardless of size or configuration, in addition to the assumption that the time-of-wetness (presence of liquid film) will be unaffected by size, shape, or surface orientation. 

The most obvious application of the Jeener echo is to measure T by plotting echo amplitude vs. time spent in a state of dipolar order. If the system under study is homogeneously broadened, then the location on the echo where the amplitude is measured, provided it is chosen consistently, is immaterial for the measurement of T - In an inhomogeneously broadened system, such as a poly crystalline material, the Jeener echo may be a superposition of Jeener echoes with different shapes and different T- s. If so, it may matter where the echo amplitude is sampled. The most obvious test is to plot relaxation curves from different parts of the echo to determine whether the echo is relaxing uniformly. For a crystalline material, one expects that the dipolar relaxation time T p will be independent of the crystal orientation in the external field because the state of dipolar order is independent of this external field. 

The Ohio State University (OSU) release rate apparatus consists of a chamber 35 X16 X 8 in., with a top section shaped like a pyramid connected to an outlet. The chamber contains an electrically heated radiant panel, a gas-fired radiant panel, or electrically heated elements. This test offers the flexibility of orienting the specimen either vertically or horizontally to simulate wall and floor applications (13). A photocell and a light source positioned above the outlet measures the light absorption. 

It is advantageous to have a specimen shape which will allow testing of fibres or arrays of fibres at different orientations, as well as permit the application of radial loads to enable the simulation of the effect of normal stresses across the interface. A test configuration which allows an adjustment... 

---