Sex pheromone glands

FIGURE 3 Pheromone biosynthetic pathways commonly used in moth sex pheromone glands to produce precursors for specific blends of acetates, alcohols, or aldehydes. Cascades of precursors are produced by combinations of unique A- -desaturases and limited chain-shortening steps. The six precursors for the cabbage looper blend (Figure 2) are in boldface type. 

FIGURE 4 Proposed model for the interaction of PBAN with a receptor on the sex pheromone gland of a corn earworm female, and the resulting stimulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase of the pheromone biosynthetic pathway. 

Simultaneous GC-EAD analyses of the extracts of the sex pheromone gland of the female bronzed cutworm, Nephelodes minians, indicated two compounds which eficited strong EAD responses from conspecific male antennae, (2 )-ll-hexadecenal and (2 )-ll-hexadecenyl acetate. Double bond positions were confirmed by the dimethyl disulfide derivatives of the pheromone component. In a field test, a 5 1 blend of aldehyde and ester attracted male N. minians. ... 

A combination of (.Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate and ( )-8-dodecenol was identified from the sex pheromones glands of the carambola fruit borer, Eucosma notanthes Meyrick (Lepidoptera Tortricidae). The ratio of the alcohol to the ester in the extracts was 2 7. GC, GC-MS, chemical deriva-tization, and comparison of retention times with authentic standards were used for identification. ... 

Extracts from the sex pheromone glands of the female Ostrinia latipen-nis (Lepidoptera Crambidae) revealed one EAD active compound novel to Ostrinia. It was identified as (E )- 1-tetradecenol. Field trapping experiments confirmed the attractiveness of this alcohol to males. 

GC-EAD analysis of the sex pheromone gland of the citrus flower moth. Prays nephelomima (Lepidoptera Yponomeutidae) revealed a single active component, (Z )-7-tetradecenal. Field trials with this monounsat-urated aldehyde in citrus orchards on the north island of New Zealand captured males successfully. ... 

Analysis of the sex pheromone glands of the female grapevine moths Lobesia botrana Denis and Schiffermuller (Lepidoptera Tortricidae),... 

The extracts of the female sex pheromone gland of the sandthorn car-penterworm moth, Holcocerus hippophaecolus Hua (Lepidoptera Cossi-dae), were found to contain ( )-3-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z )-3-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z )-7-tetradecenyl acetate, the corresponding alcohols and E)-9-tetradecenyl acetate. A combination of field trials and experiments were done to conclude that the sex pheromone of H. hippophaecolus is composed of (Z )-7-tetradecenyl acetate and (T)-3-tetradecenyl acetate. Optimal ratios and doses of these two and the possible role of other minor components remain to be determined. 

Apoptosis-inducing brain factors in maturation of an insect sex pheromone gland during differentiation. Differentiation 63 53-58. 

Foster, S.P., Clearwater, J. R., and Muggleston, S. J. (1989). Intraspecific variation of two components in sex pheromone gland of Planotortrix excessana sibling species. Journal of Chemical Ecology 15 457 165. 

In contrast, in diaspidid scales such as Aonidiella citrina and A. aurantii, the female sex pheromone glands are found underneath the pygidium (Moreno, 1972 Moreno and Largerlund, 1975). In these scales, spherical glands appear on... 

A more intricate sex pheromone gland is found in the male antiion (Myrmeleontidae). In this insect, the Eltringham s organ, which forms a thoracic... 

In the elaterid beetles, a pair of sex pheromone glands is located in the 8th abdominal segment, suspended from the stemite by muscle fibers (Merivee and Errn, 1993). The glandular reservoirs are connected to the intersegmental membrane by thin, winding secretory ducts that are dilated before opening onto the surface,... 

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