Sewage land disposal

Liu D. 1980. Fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in sewage sludge after land disposal. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 25 616-622. 

Lahann, R.W. 1976. Molybdenum hazard in land disposal of sewage sludge. Water Air Soil Pollut. 6 3-8. 

The availability of the analytes for uptake by plants, for transport through the soil, and for dissolution into water can be estimated from a well-studied speciation scheme. Risk assessment for disposal of wastes in landfills or for land disposal of dredge spoils or sewage sludges requires knowledge not only of the total metal content but also of the content in each separate fraction to begin to understand how the metals will act in the environment. Table 5.7 summarizes the methods available for speciation of metals in samples. 

Ingram, W.T. (1969). Encyclopaedia of science and technology. McGraw-Hill New York. Stone, R., Orford, H.E., Ingram, W.T. (1953). Land disposal of sewage and industrial wastes. Sewage and Industrial Wastes 25(4) 406-418. 

Production, Import/Export, Use, Release, and Disposal. Humans are at risk of exposure to trichloroethylene because of its widespread use and distribution in the environment. Production, import, and use of the chemical are known to be relatively high, but recent quantitative data were not available (HSDB 1994). Trichloroethylene is released to the atmosphere mainly through its use in vapor degreasing operations (EPA 1985e). Landfills can be a concentrated source of trichloroethylene on a local scale. It is also released to surface water and land in sewage sludges and industrial liquid or solid waste. Trichloroethylene is... 

Table 1. Summary of complaints or problems relating to disposal of sewage sludge to land in the UK (1980 data/4)...

This is an option that is not open to the farmer or the sewage works operator. The cost and practicability of enclosing the processes used in sewage treatment varies considerably, but in the disposal of sludge or animal slurries to land there is never a realistic option that the dispersion of odours once transferred to the gas phase might be effectively controlled. 

Table 8.10 shows the concentration range of potential toxic trace elements in U.S. sewage sludges, as summarized by Chaney (1989). In this table, data on maximum concentration of toxic trace elements in dry, digested sewage sludges are compared to concentrations of the elements in median sludges and in soils. The subsurface contamination that may result from uncontrolled disposal on land surfaces... 

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