Separation during flow

Sfglf.r, G. 217. 220. 222, 229 Separated flow model, multiphase flow 187 Separation during flow 47... 

Separation during flow over a tennis ball and the wake region. 

Note that one cannot measure p and the components of the extra stress tensor a separately during flow of a liquid. Therefore, the absolute value of any one normal component of stress is of no rheological significance. The values of the differences of normal stress components are, however, not altered by the addition of any isotropic pressure (see Eq. (2.118)), and they presumably depend on the rheological properties of the material. It follows, therefore, that there are only three independent stress quantities of rheological significance, namely, one shear component and two differences of normal components ... 

When the pressure relief device is set to open at greater than 15 psig (critical flow will result), it is normally not uecessaiy to be concerned about the pressure drop in the separator. If the hquid is to be drained from the separator during the emergency blowdown, a vortex breaker and false bottom should be used (Fig. 26-18, view BB). 

The filtration equation (5.3-21) must be adopted if a centrifuge is used for separation. During centrifugation, the surface of the filter cake accessible for flow decreases since the cake builds up toward the axis of the centrifuge. Therefore, must be substituted by the product AcAim where is the average flow area and Aim is the logarithmic mean area through the cake. This yields ... 

There is little separation of fiber and resin during flow in the mold. This is also attributable to maintaining viscosity. 

Figure 7.2.20 Continuous-flow 1 H NMR spectrum (400 MHz) of the triglycerides separated during the extraction process of coffee with supercritical CO2...

If the mixing device generates a simple shear flow, as shown in Fig. 3.23, the maximum separation forces that act on the particles as they travel on their streamline occur when they are oriented in a 45° position as they continuously rotate during flow. However, if the flow field generated by the mixing device is a pure elongational flow, such as shown in Fig. 3.24, the particles will always be oriented at 0° the position of maximum force. 

Standards may be used in two different manners. First, the standard may be an external standard. It is this method that was described above. The experimental samples and the standard samples are kept separate during the isolation, staining, and flow analysis. Each day the fluorescence intensity of the experimental lines are calculated relative to the standard. The standard is defined as 100% or 100 AU. Second, the standard may be used as an internal standard. In an internal standard, the standard and experimental lines are mixed at the isolation, staining, or analysis stage. This results in two G, peaks in the resulting histogram (Fig. 3). The relative position of the experimental Gt peak with respect to the G, peak of the... 

The alcohol cosolvents or cosurfactants may partition between aqueous and oil phases in different proportions than the primary surfactant, and therefore, grouping these components in the surfactant pseudocomponent is inappropriate. Chromatographic separation of the components may occur during flow in the reservoir, and unwanted phases may form. 

Figure 10-4 Design of an asymmetric turn used in microchip-based capillary electrophoresis system constructed in glass.The design facilitates the maintenance of sample integrity during flow in a microchannel around a curve.The dimensions are indicated on the figure and are taken from the tops of the channels.The channels were filled with black ink for contrast (From Ramsey JD, Jacobson SC, Culbertson CT, Ramsey JM. High efficiency, two-dimensional separations of protein digests on micro fluidic devices.

There is no general consensus as to the influence of stress during flow on phase equilibria at present, and in fact observations from different sources are conflicting. Most observations of dilute solutions with upper critical solution temperatures indicate that phase separation may be provoked by mechanical deformation (8) or, stated differently, that the critical solubility temperature is Increased by flow. Wolf et al. (9-12), however, developed a theory which predicts that the solubility temperature may decrease by flow in accordance with Sllberberg s (7) observations. 

Effect of shear forces In the SEDS process, DNA is subjected to shear by the pumping apparatus and during flow through the nozzle. The DNA was separately subjected to both of these conditions and no significant decrease in the supercoiled structure was observed. The effect of shear was negligible in this case, probably because of the small size of the plasmid studied. 

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