Sensors superoxide dismutase

K. Endo, T. Miyasaka, S. Mochizuki, N. Himi, H. Asahara, K. Tsujioka, and K. Sakai, Development of a superoxide sensor by immobilization of superoxide dismutase. Sens. Actuators B. 83, 30-34 (2002). 

J. Di, S. Bi, and M. Zhang, Third-generation superoxide anion sensor based on superoxide dismutase directly immobilized by sol-gel thin film on gold electrode. Biosen. Bioelectron. 19, 1479-1486 (2004). 

K.V. Gobi, Y. Sato, and F. Mizutani, Mediatorless superoxide dismutase sensors using cytochrome c-modified electrodes xanthine oxidase incorporated polyion complex membrane for enhanced activity and in-vivo analysis. Electroanalysis 13, 397-403 (2001). 

Neutrophil leucocytes respond to various stimulants by the production of extensive amounts of superoxide anion, the so-called respiratory burst. A sensor for neutrophils based on the stimulation by IgG adsorbed on a pyrolytic graphite electrode has been described by Green et al. (1984). The liberation of superoxide anion as detected within 3 min at the sensor was related to the number of neutrophil leucocytes. The absence of an oxidation current in the presence of superoxide dismutase proved the formation of superoxide anion. 

Several enzyme systems exist as cellular defense (detoxification) pathways against the chemically reactive metabolites generated by GYP metabolism (91,92,102,103). These include GST, epoxide hydrolase, and quinone reductase, as well as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, which detoxify the peroxide and superoxide by-products of metabolism. The efficiency of the bioinactivation process is dependent on the inherent chemical reactivity of the electrophilic intermediate, its affinity and selectivity of the reactive metabolite for the bioinactivation enzymes, the tissue expression of these enzymes, and the rapid upregulation of these enzymes and cofactors mediated by the cellular sensors of chemical stress. The reactive metabolites that can evade these defense systems may damage target proteins and nucleic acids by either oxidation or covalent modification. 

Rajesh, S., Sethy, N.K., Bhargava, K., Ilavazhagan, G., Singh, S.K., Karunakaran, C., 2011. Electrochemical sensor for simultaneous measurement of nitrite and superoxide anion radical using superoxide dismutase-mimetic manganese(III) tetrakis(l-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin on polypyrrole matrix. Sens. Lett. 9, 1682-1688. 

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