Sensing Tools

The quality of the surgical site visualization directly impacts the quality of surgical outcomes. Recent trends toward miniaturization in medical instruments highlight the functionality of miniature cameras. Commonly denoting a total diameter of less than 3 mm, miniature cameras bring new challenges together with their inherent benefits [38]. These 

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The above suite of hydrate sensing tools (thermodynamics, geothermal gradients, kinetics, BSRs, lithology and fluid flow, logging and coring tools, and subsea tools) has enabled an assessment of where hydrates may exist worldwide. On the basis of the data provided by these tools, hydrate formation models such as that of Klauda and Sandler (2005) enable our prediction of hydrate formation sites in nature—notably the a priori prediction of 68 of the 71 sites at which hydrates have been indicated. 

New remote sensing tools are needed to supplement a BSR indication of hydrates. Gas hydrates can form without a BSR indication. 

While work on improved spectrometric methods continues, imaging techniques are and will continue to be powerful sensing tools to help guard against threats. Potential advantages of improved imaging techniques include the ability to assess threats in real time (allowing ample time for effective countermeasures) and the improved capability to detect threats at a distance before populations and valued assets become affected. 

Although the method is rapid and straightforward, the use of free terbiiun as a sensing tool has several weaknesses, such as the potential for false positives or false negatives through com-plexation of anionic interferents to the exposed tripositive cation. 

The further refinement of direct probes and remote sensing tools based on exquisitely sensitive spectroscopic techniques will play an important role in the continued development of stratospheric chemistry and physics. In this regard, it should be noted that most field studies to date have been conducted in relatively narrow geographical regions. Observation of substantial three-dimensional structure (and fine structure) in the stratosphere calls for more extensive geographical coverage in future experiments. 

Froidevaux, C.M., 1980. Radar, an optimum remote sensing tool for detailed plate tectonic analysis and its application to hydrocarbon exploration (an example in Irian Jaya, Indonesia). In Radar Geology an Assessment (Publ. 80-61). JPL, Pasadena, pp. 457-501. 

Laser fluorosensors are the most powerful remote sensing tools available because they are subject to very few interferences. Laser fluorosensors work equally well on... 

Geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing tools for spatial scaling of measurements... 

Carrascosa LG, Moreno M, Alvarez M, LechugaLM (2006) Nanomechanical biosensors a new sensing tool. Trends Anal Chem 25 196-206... 

Boronic acids can be used to sense diols, such as sugars, as well as amino acids. The binding mechanism is shown in Figure 7. Boronic acid reacts with 1,2- or 1,3- diols to produce stable 5- or 6-membered cyclic boronate esters. The removal of resultant water can make the reversible reaction go forward. This covalent but reversible interaction between boronic acid and c -diols provides a sensing tool for saccharides, which are difficult to detect in aqueous solutions. 

Regarding pharmaceutical applications, most reports focus on the use of potentiometric devices as taste-sensing tools for the development of pharmaceutical formulations. E-tongue systems have been used for taste measurement of bitter drug substances towards the development of palatable oral formulations. 

In this section, we discuss compact CO2 sensors applying the detection methods noted above. These devices, following future modifications, are anticipated to represent the next generation of practical C02-sensing tools. 

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