Sensing measurable signal

In one sense the signal is out of our control, it will depend entirely on what the true treatment difference is. Similarly there is little we can do about the patient-to-patient variability, although we can reduce this by having, for example, precise measures of outcome or a more homogeneous group of patients. The sample size however is very much under our control and common sense tells us that increasing this will provide a more reliable comparison and make it easier for us to detect treatment differences when they exist. 

Other pH-sensing transducers used in biosensors are metal oxide electrodes. Beside the common antimony oxide electrode, palladium oxide and iridium oxide probes have been coupled with immobilized enzymes. These sensors may be miniaturized by using chemical vapor deposition technology. Moreover, they are mechanically more stable than glass electrodes. Unfortunately the measuring signal of metal oxide electrodes is affected by redox active substances. 

Zero filling costs nothing in the sense that no extra data is required it is just a manipulation in the computer. Of course, it does not improve the resolution as the measured signal remains the same, but the lines will be better defined in the spectrum. This is desirable, at least for aesthetic reasons if nothing else ... 

Thermometer bulb (primary or sensing element). This is part of the measuring system that is directly sensitive to the controlled variable (temperature). The primary element converts energy from the controlled medium (hot water) into a measurable signal (fluid pressure). 

Sensing Bioelectrical Signals Electrical Characteristics Practical Electrodes for Biomedical Measurements Intracavitary and Intratissue Electrodes Transparent Electrodes Microelectrodes Electrodes Fabricated Using Microelectronic... 

Reciprocal to the actuation effect, IPMCs also have inherent capability of sensing mechanical stimuli. In particular, an applied mechanical stimulus redistributes the cations inside an IPMC, resulting in a detectable electrical signal in correlation with the stimulus. The measured signal is typically... 

Static and dynamic scattering techniques are spectroscopic characterisation methods in the sense of Sect. 2.2. These techniques evaluate the functional dependency of measurement signals on a spectral parameter, i.e. on time, space, or classically on wavelength or frequency. The major advantage of spectroscopic methods is the reduced sample preparation (no fractionation), but they involve the inversion problem. That is, the spectrum is a—most frequently incomplete and discrete— nonlinear projection of the size distribution. Beside the scattering techniques, there are further spectroscopic methods which are based on the extinction of radiation or on any other response of the particle system to an external field. This section describes optical, acoustic, and electroacoustic methods that have gained relevance for the characterisation of colloidal suspensions. 

---