Sensing and Actuation

Mitigation measures can also be passive safeguards, meaning that they require no human intervention and no engineered sensing and actuation system to work. Examples of passive mitigation measures are secondary containment systems, blast-resistant and fire-resistant structures, insulated or low-heat-capacity spill surfaces to reduce the rate of evaporation, and an increased distance between the hazardous materials and energies and the sensitive receptors. 

As is the case for smart materials, intelligent textiles have the property to respond to their environment, sometimes in a clearly perceptible way, but sometimes at the molecular level, completely invisible to the observer. They cover a wide range of technologies, from materials with shape-memory properties or sensing and actuating properties, to entire systems based on information technology5. 

We will now discuss in detail the sensing and actuating properties of these waves. 

The characteristics of Lamb waves have been derived and explored by a number of authors [61,62,63,64]. Here we will focus on the aspects of the waves that are most relevant for sensing and actuating in devices made by micromachining techniques. These techniques include many of those customarily employed in making silicon integrated circuits. Examples are processes for depositing thin... 

An important requirement for laser surgery is a beam directing capability, which involves a flexible delivery system. A fiberoptic delivery system is a very convenient system for this purpose it is flexible, low loss, small diameter, and allows deep, invasive laser endoscopy. One should add that there is always the potentially useful feature of using fibers as biosensors, i.e. one can have a coupled sensing and actuation device. 

Surfaces that are patterned on the nano- and microscale with responsive polymer brushes are promising for applications in sensing and actuation, as well as for bioanalytical devices [42,43]. Structures of brushes, for instance, are obtained by patterning of preformed brushes using specific etching protocols or by patterning of initiators before the... 

Another possibility is switching between the sensing and actuating functions of the IPMC. The same pair of electrodes can be used along with a switching control to switch from an actuation mode to a sensing mode. 

Analysis/design Closed loop Control of microflows Micro-fluidics Sensing and actuation... 

In the past decade, liquid marbles has been extensively studied by many research groups worldwide. Most of these studies focused on the fundamental characteristics of liquid marbles, such as the mechanical properties and particle coating dynamics [8, 9]. In recent years, more and more researchers have started to explore novel sensing and actuation mechanisms with liquid marbles [3, 10, 11]. A few proof-of-concept chemical and biochemical liquid marble reactors have also emerged very recently [4]. However, liquid marble research is still in its infancy. Most studies exploring the applications of liquid marbles are at the demonstration... 

Piezoelectric materials offer the ability to directly transform (transduct) from electrical to mechanical energy and vice versa, convenient for microtechnology in sensing and actuation a material is said to be piezoelectric if an applied stress generates an electric field within, and vice versa. They may be used to provide static and dynamic deformation at frequencies up to several gigahertz, depending on the motion to be induced, the scale of the device, and the material used. Compared to other methods of power transduction, including electrostatic, electrostrictive. 

Sensing and Actuating Capabilities of Those Electrochemical Reactions. . 16-16... 

It was established that the performance of smart structures depends on the quality of the bonding along the interface between the main structure and the attached sensing and actuating elements [295]. 

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