Semi-automated workstations

High-throughput screening automation exists at a variety of levels, from manual to semi-automated to fully automated turnkey systems (83). However, the types of equipment tend to be similar, and the way in which the screening process is integrated dictates the level of automation. For a brief discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of automated platforms versus workstations, see refs. 84 and 85. 

Surface rendering (shaded surface display, SSD) attempts to display a 3D view of the surface of an object, in a 2D image on the workstation monitor. In a semi-automated process at the workstation, the radiologist must select the object to view, either by using the electronic scalpel tool to separate the area of interest or by altering the CT threshold values displayed. Both methods are simple to perform the latter is less time consuming and works well for bony structures (Dalrymple et al. 2005). SSD makes use of only a portion of the available image data - that... 

Fig. 15.1. For quantification of coronary calcium, non-enhanced low radiation dose CT scans with 3 mm slice thickness are loaded into a post-processing workstation. After semi-automated identification ofthe calcified lesion in the coronary arteries, these workstations automatically provide quantitative data as the Agatston score, volume equivalent and mass...

SPE can be semi- or fully-automated to increase sample throughput and to improve both precision and accuracy. The degree of automation ranges from the parallel off-line processing of batches of up to about 10 samples using a vacuum manifold to provide suction, to on-line autosamplers, xyz liquid handlers and robotic workstations. 

The cycle time has an important bearing on the investment required to automate the system and the number of operators or workstations that may be necessary. Whether manual, semi-automatic or automatic, the dispensing equipment system specified will depend on the type of application and workplace conditions, such as dispense rate, parts per hour, operator availability and materials handling. Adhesive dispense systems are available for most production lines varying from bench-top applicators to fully automated robotic units with dispense times of <50 ms. 

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