Self-sensing model

Self-Sensing Model for Solid-State Actuators... 

All these applications have confirmed the principle of a self-sensing actuator, they have also shown that the linear reconstruction model (6.68) and (6.69) is restricted for small amplitudes of the voltage and force. Furthermore the bridge circuit is strongly affected by external disturbances e. g. from temperature leading to a wrong evaluation of the sensory information. 

The formulation (6.70) and (6.71) permits the application of the state quantity-related approach described in Sect. 6.9.4 for the reconstruction of the mechanical quantities s and F. In this case the reconstruction model of the self-sensing actuator results in... 

The self-sensing solid-state actuator concept illustrated in Fig. 6.139a has the same structure as that in Fig. 6.139b but it is based on the linear system model according to (6.66) and (6.67). The compensation equation follows in this case from the actuator equation (6.67) and results in... 

The self-sensing actuator concept requires the powerful mathematical machinery of complex hysteresis operators - first for reconstructing the mechanical quantities by means of the measured values of electrical quantities and second for compensating the hysteretic nonlinearities and the load dependency. Whereas robust software tools exist for modeling, identifying and compensating scalar complex hysteretic nonlinearities in practical applications, a considerable amount of research activities is necessary in the field of vectorial hysteresis phenomena to obtain a similar status. 

Nakadoi H, Sera A, Yamakita M, Asaka K, Luo Z-W, Ito K (2007) Integrated aetuator-sensor system on patterned IPMC film consideration of electronic interference. In Proceedings of IEEE international conference on mechatronics. Kumamoto, Japan Nam D-N-C, Ahn K-K (2014) Modeling and control of a self-sensing polymer metal composite actuator. Smart Mater Struct 23 025025... 

Figure 4.9. Sketch of CSTR representation of the SR model for 1 < Sc. Each wavenumber band is assumed to be well mixed in the sense that it can be represented by a single variable

To conclude, kinetic measurements and structural analysis of the copolymers have allowed a quantitative and self-consistent description of the reaction of RCI Li species on PMMA taking into account PMMA chain reactivity through the simplified model of the nearest neighbouring group effects. Two main features are particularly relevant the definite influence of tacticity, and the independance of the reaction process on the total charge of the copolymer. In this sense, the R-C Li/PMMA systems are closed to the PMMA basic hydrolysis in presence of excess base. (29,31). 

Like the rational choice models of addiction, our model assumes that the choice to consume an addictive product is volitional, in the sense that people balance their current desire for the addictive product against their perceptions of the future consequences of current consumption. Our model is quite different, and less extreme, than rational choice models, however, because it assumes that people may be overattentive to their immediate gratification (that is, they may have self-control problems) and... 

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