Self-organized processe

Syntheses of sterically modified biopolymers can clearly yield insights into the presuppositions and possibilities of biological self-organization processes of biopolymers far beyond general thermodynamic and kinetic descriptions of natural systems. 

Crystallization and Self-Organization Process Volume Editor Naka, K. 

It is, however, possible—apparently in disagreement with the second law of thermodynamics—that order can be formed from disorder in a system, for example by means of self-organization processes in many cases, these have been observed experimentally. This order, however, is formed at the expense of an increase in disorder outside the system under observation order is pumped out of the system which is striving to reach an ordered state. Thus, disorder increases outside the system, and the second law is still valid. 

While for LB-layers, the molecules have to be organized by means of compression prior to deposition of the monolayer at the air-water interface, the self-organization process into SAMs follows similar pathways by itself This requires sufli-... 

Of course, self-assembly of this kind occurs in water, and not, say, in ethanol. Any self-organization process must be defined in a given set of initial conditions. Initial conditions, as always in thermodynamics, determine the outcome of the process, and in particular whether the process is also under thermodynamic control or not. Aside from that, it is well known that a large series of amphiphilic molecules... 

Crystalhzation is another typical example of self-organization. The form of the crystal lattice, say of crystallizing NaCl, is not imposed by external forces, but is the result of the internal structural parameters of the NaCl system under the given conditions (temperature, etc.). Protein folding is also a self-organization process, determined by the internal rules of the system (primarily the primary structure). As is well known, Chris Anhnsen and coworkers demonstrated in the 1970s that... 

Boundary conditions in the systems I have considered primarily ensure the maintenance of a state of nonequilibrium with respect to the environment their relation with the size and form of the reaction medium, with the chemical and transport processes, determines the nature and properties of the dissipative structures that occur. These boundary conditions are imposed once and for all and do not couple with surface effects or electrostatic interactions. Such a coupling is likely to be the source of self-organization processes also, but was not the object of my talk. 

The nonionic template strategy based on hydrogen bonds and to a certain extent on n-n interactions has made catenanes and rotaxanes readily available. The molecular recognition and self-organization process which is responsible for the formation of intertwined and interlocked structures is founded upon the same weak interactions that govern many biological processes. Amide-based catenanes and rotaxanes can thus serve as valuable models for complex molecular recognition patterns in nature. 

Fig. 15 Schematic illustration of the self-organizing processes for the composite of liquid crystalline OPV oligomers and SWCNTs [465]. (Reproduced by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry)...

Self-organization processes can also occur at the target surface when the incident angle of a laser pulse is large. Recently, a theory proposed by Naka-... 

An important moment in one cycle of reaction only one monolayer of a new FG is formed. Unlike traditional technologies, time does not affect mass or layer thickness. It can said that the ML method is a self-organized process. 

Yu. D. Tretyakov, Self-organization processes in the materials chemistry, Russ. Chem. Rev. 72, 731-763 (2003). 

Scheme 1 shows that it is possible to distinguish among different kinds of processes leading to chirality transfer. This distinction is mainly based on the possibility of choosing the type of control that self-organization processes have to obey thermodynamic, kinetic or a designed blend of both. 

This is a nice example of hierarchical control over the self-organization process and is related to the thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertia due to the interactions of a convergent stabilization due to all kinds of electrostatic interactions [41]. 

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