Self-assembly nanostructures

Examples representing the very wide range of self-assembled protein structures obtained as just described are presented in Figure 1. These examples demonstrate that the size and shape of self-assembled nanostructures made of proteins primarily depend on the molecular mechanism effecting self-assembly and are not merely an amplified reflection of the shape and size of the starting building block. ... 

Figure 10.4 (a) Cardanyl glycoside and its constituents. Self-assembled nanostructures of cardanyl... 

Wasielewski MR (2006) Energy, charge, and spin transport in molecules and self-assembled nanostructures inspired by photosynthesis. J Org Chem 71(14) 5051-5066... 

Tate, M. E Urade, V. N. Kowalski, J. D. Wei, T. C. Hamilton, B. D. Eggiman, B. W. Hillhouse, H. W. 2006. Simulation and interpretation of 2D diffraction patterns from self-assembled nanostructured films at arbitrary angles of incidence From grazing incidence (above the critical angle) to transmission perpendicular to the substrate. J. Phys. Chem. B 110 9882-9892. 

The examples discussed above illustrate the importance of block copolymer chain segment incompatibilities for the phase separation of bulk materials, combined with the ability to perform chemistry within specific nanoscale domains to impose permanence upon those self-assembled nanostructured morphologies. Each is limited, however, to crosslinking of internal domains within the solid-state assemblies in order to create discrete nanoscale objects. To advance the level of control over regioselective crosslinking and offer methodologies that allow for the production of additional unique nanostructured materials, the pre-assembled structures can be produced in solution (Figure 6.4), as isolated islands with reactivity allowed either internally or on the external... 

Figure 2.26 (a) Scheme for an electrostatically self-assembled multilayer (PAHOs)4(Apo-COx)3(COx) electrode, (b) Catalytic current response to p-d-glucose concentration for self-assembled nanostructured thin films of PAH-Os/COx/(PAH-Os/(ApoGOx)3 and (PAH-Os/ApoCOx)3/PAH-Os/COx, where ApoCOx is FAD-free glucose oxidase. Taken from Ref [219]. 

Dendrimers are being used as host molecules, catalysts, self-assembling nanostructures analogs of proteins, enzymes, and viruses and in analytical applications including in ion-exchange displacement chromatography and electrokinetic chromatography. 

The aggregates created by amphiphiles are usually spherical (as in the case of micelles), but may also be disc-like (bicelles), rodlike, or biaxial (all three micelle axes are distinct) (Zana, 2008). These anisotropic self-assembled nanostructures can then order themselves in much the same way as liquid crystals do, forming large-scale versions of all the thermotropic phases (such as a nematic phase of rod-shaped micelles). 

Figure 12.5 (a) Layer-by-layer deposition of glucose oxidase and the polyallylamine Os3 +n + -polypyridine polyelectrolyte on the electrode, (b) Typical catalytic current responses for different glucose concentrations obtained by self-assembled nanostructured thin films based on different architectures (i) PAH/Os/GOx, (ii) cysteamine/GOx/PAH-Os, (iii) PAH/GOx/ -Os, and (iv) (PAH-Os)2/(GOx)i. All measurements were performed in 0.1 M tris buffer at pH 7.5. Part (b) Reproduced with permission from Ref. 34a. Copyright Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA. 

Niemeyer, C.M. (2002). Self-assembled nanostructures based on DNA towards the development of nanobiotechnology. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 4, 609-618. 

Surface science has been one of the first beneficiaries of self-assembled nanostructures (in the form of SAMs). Self-assembly is a very general strategy for forming molecularly tailored interfaces, and, other than the few systems that have formed the basis for the majority of work in SAMs, almost none of the obvious opportunities to use self-assembly to build ordered, nanostructured interfaces have been examined. The preparation of more sophisticated structures based on molecules with complex stmctures, on self-assembled colloids, on multilayered polymers formed by electrostatic interactions between charged groups166,167, or on biologically derived structures is just beginning168-171. 

Stupp, S.I., Messmsore, B.W., Arnold, M.S., and Zubarev, E.R. Encapsulation of Nanotubes Via Self-Assembled Nanostructures, 2003-US12111 2003090255 (2003d). 

Nanoparticle Shape Effect on Self-Assembled Nanostructures... 

Khopade, A. J., and Jain, N. K. (1995), Self assembling nanostructures for sustained ophthalmic drug delivery, Pharmazie, 50(12), 812-814. 

Microstmctures are frequently present in a kinetically trapped nonequilibrium state, and their structures depend on the components and colloidal interactions based on their different chemical and physical properties, as well as on the procedure by which these components have been assembled. These structures are thermodynamically unstable and tend to reduce their free energy (surface area) with time. On the contrary, self-assembly nanostructures are thermodynamically stable, unless the molecules react with the environment or degrade. Most food systems are based on an interplay of kinetically stabilized and thermodynamic equilibrium structures. Some typical examples of structures at different length scales formd in food systems are shown in Figure 11.1. 

J.H. Fendler, Self-Assembled Nanostructured Materials , Chem. Mater., 8, 1616... 

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