Seed dissolution

The large amount of seed presents a high-growth area from the outset of the operation. The initial presence of the seed avoids the issue of when to add it to prevent seed dissolution and homogeneous nucleation. Note that for this process, the size of the particles does not need to decrease, as steady-state particle size distribution is reached at the low but finite natural attrition rate achieved in the pump-around and agitation systems. 

A common practical approach to achieving growth while minimizing concern for seed dissolution is shown in curve B -F-C. The addition of antisolvent is stopped, and seed is added at point B, where the system is slightly supersaturated. As discussed in Chapter 2, in-line measurement by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) or ultraviolet (U V) can be utilized to determine when the concentration reaches point B. Alternatively, the seed may be added in a sluiTy with the antisolvent starting before point B is reached, as discussed in Chapter 5 and below in Section 9.1.4. 

Fronts of concentrations of 0.03, 0.06, and 0.15% (AIBN to MMA) were run at the temperatures ranges of 42 to 47,47 to 52 and 66 to 68 C. The ranges were a result of temperature fluctuations due to the type of thermostat used. Three samples at each set of conditions were run to determine an average and standard deviation. To ensure that the fronts were initiated by the polymeric seed, controls were run that did not contain seeds. To ensure that the gradient movement detected was not solely seed dissolution, controls using seeds and solutions of 4.0% TEMPO, a free-radical scavenger used as an inhibitor, in... 

MMA were used to observe seed dissolution. Due to cost, only one control for each set of experimental conditions was run. 

The experimental controls where no seeds were included polymerized homogeneously indicating that it is necessary to include a seed for IFF to occur. Controls that included seeds and a polymeric inhibitor to illustrate seed dissolution showed an initial sharp dip that did not move up the reaction vessel but instead diffused with time indicating no reaction taking place. 

Beryllium Nitrate. BeryUium nitrate tetrahydrate [13516-48-0], Be(N02)2 4H2O, is prepared by crystallization from a solution of beryUium hydroxide or beryllium oxide carbonate in a slight excess of dilute nitric acid. After dissolution is complete, the solution is poured into plastic bags and cooled to room temperature. The crystallization is started by seeding. Crystallization from more concentrated acids yields crystals with less water of hydration. On heating above 100°C, beryllium nitrate decomposes with simultaneous loss of water and oxides of nitrogen. Decomposition is complete above 250°C. 

To determine the rate of dissolution of hemlhydrate crystals, the same vessel was used as for the crystallization study. The vessel was filled with the sulphate-rich solution (zero Initial calcium concentration). An amount of sieved hemlhydrate seed crystals, about 10% In excess of that required to saturate the solution, was added. At very short time Intervals, samples were taken using a similar procedure to that for the gypsum growth Investigation. Samples were separated Into crystals for size analysis (with a 190pm orifice) and crystal content and solutions for analysis. Further details are given by Mukhopadhyay (17). 

As far as the gypsum crystals are concerned, the analysis is identical to that for a seeded MSMPR (34). The information required is the growth rate and the mean residence time. For the hemihydrate, the analysis is that for a continuous seeded MSMPR dissolver (35), which parallels that for the crystallizer. The information needed is the dissolution rate and the mean residence time. 

By burning anything to ashes you may gain its salt. If in this dissolution the sulphur and mercury be kept apart, and restored to its salt, you may once more obtain that form which was destroyed by the process of combustion. This assertion the wise of this world denounce as the greatest folly, and count as a rebellion, saying that such a transformation would amount to a new creation, and that God has denied such creative power to sinful man. But the folly is all on their side. For they do not understand that our Artist does not claim to create anything, but only to evolve new things from the seed made ready to his hand by the Creator. 

After dissolution came Conjunction, wherein the separated elements were combined. Then followed Putrefaction, necessary for the germination of the seed which had been produced by calcination, dissolution, and conjunction. Putrefaction was followed by Congelation and Citation. The passage through the next gate, called Sublimation, caused the body to become spiritual, and the spiritual to be made corporal. Fermentation followed, whereby the substance became soft and flowed like wax. Finally, by Exaltation, the Stone was perfected. 

Hence better extraction methods seem necessary, but this -problem is not simple. The laws of extraction are complex in the juice there is a simultaneous dissolution of phenolic compounds from the skins and seeds and their precipitation onto yeasts and other solid particles in suspension. Finally, the unstable anthocyanins are partially destroyed at this stage. 

Generally, reinforcing, cell-wall polysaccharides are least soluble while emollients, mucilaginous, and food reserve polysaccharides represent the most soluble group. Exceptions to the generalization that reserve food polysaccharides are easily soluble occur in starch amylose and seed mannan. Starch amylose is readily dispersible in most of its natural forms since it occurs mixed with easily soluble amylopectin which facilitates the dissolution of the amylose. 

---