Secondary alcohols ketones

Thirdly, if it is not possible to apply the SRS technique, it can be established whether a primary, secondary or tertiary alcohol is present by oxidizing the alcohol on the chromatographic zone and then subjecting the oxidation product to a detection reaction. On oxidation primary alcohols form aldehydes, secondary alcohols ketones and tertiary alcohols are not oxidized. 

Prevost, M., and R. Bugarel, 1981. Theoretical and technical aspects of a chemical heat pump Secondary alcohol-ketone-hydrogen system, Proc. 2nd World Cong. Chem. Eng.,... 

One way to create a carbon-carbon bond is to react a Grignard reagent with a carbonyl compound. The result of this reaction is an alcohol derived from an aldehyde. Formaldehyde gives a primary alcohol, but any other aldehyde gives a secondary alcohol. Ketones and esters both react to form tertiary alcohols. 

While the hydrocarbon fraction of insect cuticular lipids is certainly the most studied and has been shown to play a key role in a wide range of chemical communication, other lipids are often present on the surface of insects. The most common cuticular lipids in addition to hydrocarbons include a variety of types of esters, free fatty acids, primary and secondary alcohols, ketones and sterols. Triacylglycerols and the more polar phospholipids are not common components of insect cuticular lipids. In some cases, hydrocarbons are hydroxylated and metabolized to oxygenated components, and these products include some of the short range and contact pheromones of the housefly (Blomquist, 2003) and the German cockroach (Schal et al., 2003). The oxygenated cuticular lipids are discussed in Chapter 9 (Buckner, this book). 

Like secondary alcohols, ketones are not common constituents of the cuticular lipids of insects (Lockey, 1988). The cuticular lipid of the female housefly, M. domestica, contains 6% of an unsaturated ketone, (Z)-14-tricosen-10-one (Uebel et al., 1978) and lesser amounts of tricosan-10-one and heptacosen-12-one (Mpuru et al 2001). The cuticular lipids of several species of Drosophila contain C13-C17 saturated and unsaturated ketones, including 2-tridecanone and 2-pentadecanone in Drosophila hydei (Moats et al., 1987), 10-heptadecen-2-one in D. mulleri (Bartelt et al., 1989), and 2-pentadecanone in D. busckii (Schaner et al., 1989). Odd-chain ketones (2-nonadecanone, 2-heneicosanone and 2-tricosanone) comprise 1% and 3% of adult male and female cuticular lipids, respectively, of the pecan weevil, Curculio caryae (Espelie and Payne, 1991). The cuticular lipids of mature screwworm females, C. hominivorax, contained small quantities of two C31 ketones the symmetrical ketone, 16-hentriacontanone and the methyl-branched ketone, 21-methyl-7-hentriacontanone (Pomonis etal., 1993). 

Oxidation of alcohols (Sections 11-2 and 11-3) a. Secondary alcohols — ketones... 

Certain biotransformation processes are reversible, and formation of an inactive metabolite that can be converted back to the active drug delays the removal of the drug from the body and probably prolongs the duration of exposure of the target tissues to the drug. The common processes that can contribute to this phenomenon are oxidation/reduction of secondary alcohols/ketones, sulfides/sulfoxides, and tertiary amines/N-oxides, all of which are reversible processes. 

Ketones can be prepared by the oxidation of secondary alcohols. Ketones are not as susceptible to oxidation as are aldehydes. 

It has been demonstrated that these same materials are able to perform the relatively rare reaction of cleavage of olefins and secondary alcohols, ketones and glycols to the corresponding carboxylates with high yields and selectivities. 

Of the many methods of oxidative cleavage of carbon-carbon bonds that could be included in this Section, the only ones of general preparative application concern secondary alcohols, ketones (especially methyl ketones), and 1,2-glycols the usual or specific oxidants may be used. 

A ester, aldehyde, secondary alcohol, ketone B secondary alcohol, ketone, aldehyde C ester, aldehyde, ketone D carboxylic acid, ether, tertiary alcohol... 

Thus, a large number of substances with the structural features shown above may form peroxides. However, these substances do not present a peroxide hazard to the same extent. The tendency of organic compounds to form peroxides decreases according to their structures as follows ethers and acetals > olefins > halogenated olefins > vinyl compounds > dienes > aUcynes > alkylbenzenes > isoparaffins > alkenyl esters > secondary alcohols > ketones > aldehydes > ureas and amides. 

Secondary Alcohol Ketone The chemistry of the ketones is governed largely by the presence of the Carbonyl Group, >C=0. The polarity of this group means that die electron-deficient carbon atom of the carbonyl group is sasccptible to attack by reagents which are rich in electrons. 

A few facts are also known concerning the metabolism of alkanes by plants. Cuticular waxes typically contain secondary alcohols, ketones and ) -diketones in addition to alkanes and the former have the skeletons as in Figure 8, where functionalization is near the centre of the molecule and the chain lengths of the alcohols and ketones are closely similar to those of the major n-alkanes present in any particular species. Tracer evidence indicates that the secondary alcohol and ketone are formed in sequence by oxidation of the corresponding n-alkane by a mixed function oxidase which is inhibited by chelating agents. Thus in Brassica species, the 14- or 15-hydroxy- and oxo-derivatives of the n-C29 alkane were thus formed both in vivo and in cell-free extracts ". ... 

Wen, M. Jetter, R. (2009). Composition of secondary alcohols, ketones, alkanediols, and ketols in Arabidopsis thaliana cuticular waxes. Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.60, No.6, (April 2009), pp. 1811-1821, ISSN 1460-2431 Wen, M. Au, J. Gniwotta, F. Jetter, R. (2006). Very-long-chain secondary alcohols and alkanediols in cuticular waxes of Pisum sativum leaves. Phytochemistry, Vol.67, No.22, (November 2006), pp 2494-2502, ISSN 0031-9422 Yermakov, AL Khlaifat A.L, Qutob, H. Abramovich, R.A. Khomyakov, Y.Y. (2010). Characteristics of the GC-MS mass spectra of terpenoids (C10H16). Chemical Sciences Journal, pp. 1-7, ISSN 21503494... 

Secondary alcohols, ketones, and ketols also are synthesized from long-chain fatty acids. Ketones generally appear to be synthesized from secondary alcohols by oxidation. The mechanistic details of these reactions remain obscure. 

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