Searching Probe

Grid Searching - Probing Inter-molecular Interactions at Surfaces and Environments... 

Ferguson D M and D J Raber 1989. A New Approach to Probing Conformational Space with Molecular Mechanics Random Incremental Pulse Search, journal of the American Chemical Society 111 4371-4378. 

Probes Search Libraries for Specific Genes or cDNA Molecules... 

Homology screening. Using oligonucleotide probes based on known receptor sequences, search cDNA libraries for homologous sequences which may code for related receptors. The clones are then isolated and sequenced and used in expression studies to confirm the identity of the receptor. 

The regioselectivity of the hydride addition step has been probed by searching for deuterium exchange into isomerized alkenes that have undergone partial reduction.15 The results suggest that Rh is electrophilic in the addition step and that the hydride transfer is nucleophilic. 

The diphenyl derivative 22—due to its peculiar property to form equally stable zwitterion and o-QM species—was a nice probe to search for conditions stabilizing the... 

After the discovery of the combined charge and space symmetry violation, or CP violation, in the decay of neutral mesons [2], the search for the EDMs of elementary particles has become one of the fundamental problems in physics. A permanent EDM is induced by the super-weak interactions that violate both space inversion symmetry and time reversal invariance [11], Considerable experimental efforts have been invested in probing for atomic EDMs (da) induced by EDMs of the proton, neutron, and electron, and by the P,T-odd interactions between them. The best available limit for the electron EDM, de, was obtained from atomic T1 experiments [12], which established an upper limit of de < 1.6 x 10 27e-cm. The benchmark upper limit on a nuclear EDM is obtained from the atomic EDM experiment on Iyt,Hg [13] as d ig < 2.1 x 10 2 e-cm, from which the best restriction on the proton EDM, dp < 5.4 x 10 24e-cm, was also obtained by Dmitriev and Senkov [14]. The previous upper limit on the proton EDM was estimated from the molecular T1F experiments by Hinds and co-workers [15]. 

As mentioned earlier, heavy polar diatomic molecules, such as BaF, YbF, T1F, and PbO, are the prime experimental probes for the search of the violation of space inversion symmetry (P) and time reversal invariance (T). The experimental detection of these effects has important consequences [37, 38] for the theory of fundamental interactions or for physics beyond the standard model [39, 40]. For instance, a series of experiments on T1F [41] have already been reported, which provide the tightest limit available on the tensor coupling constant Cj, proton electric dipole moment (EDM) dp, and so on. Experiments on the YbF and BaF molecules are also of fundamental significance for the study of symmetry violation in nature, as these experiments have the potential to detect effects due to the electron EDM de. Accurate theoretical calculations are also absolutely necessary to interpret these ongoing (and perhaps forthcoming) experimental outcomes. For example, knowledge of the effective electric field E (characterized by Wd) on the unpaired electron is required to link the experimentally determined P,T-odd frequency shift with the electron s EDM de in the ground (X2X /2) state of YbF and BaF. 

The search for brighter, more sensitive fluorescent probes and labels with increased quantum yields, lifetimes and photostability including new ways to protect these chromophores from unfavorable environmental impact and methods to synthesize these advanced tracers is still ongoing. 

The ATR technique is a commonly used infrared internal reflection sampling technique. It samples only the surface layer in contact with the ATR element the sampling depth probed is typically of the order of 0.3-3 pm [1]. Unless software corrected, compared with a transmission spectrum, the relative intensity of bands within an ATR spectrum increase in intensity with decreasing wavenumber. Several FTIR instrument companies now supply "ATR-correction" software developed to correct for the different relative intensities of bands observed between ATR and transmission spectra, so that ATR spectra can be more easily compared to and searched against transmission spectra. 

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