Sea Gem

In the same years, the exploitation of North Sea oil fields began, where, unlike the Gulf of Mexico, slight ocean is normal, so that the problems related to corrosion fatigue caused, in 1965, the sinking of the Sea Gem platform and the death of 13 workers. 

The oil drilling rig Sea Gem collapsed and sank into the North Sea, 43 miles east of the mouth of the River Humber in 1965 [111]. Originally the structure had been an all welded steel pontoon fabricated in the U.S.A. in 1952. It was employed in various parts of the world until in 1964 at Bordeaux it was con-... 

The immediate technical cause of the collapse of Sea Gem was the breaking of tie bars. Many of the factors needed to induce brittle fracture were present, stress concentrations, weld defects, residual stresses, vibrations and low temperatures. The operational problem in December 1965 was the final trigger that caused the actual collapse. 

That there was reason both to be optimistic about the United Kingdom s prospects as a producer of natural gas and to be pessimistic about its ability to regulate safe operations came in the following year. The summer of 1965 saw the Sea Gem jackup drilling rig record the first commercial discovery of natural gas on the UKCS. The winter of that same year saw the same rig collapse, with the loss of thirteen lives. The accident was of course a serious blow to the United Kingdoms hydrocarbon ambitions, but quite how serious only became apparent when the Minister of Power attempted to establish an inquiry to examine the causes and to recommend any... 

As if problems such as these were not enough to call into question the wisdom of the detailed prescriptive approach which had been requested by the Sea Gem Inquiry and enthusiastically endorsed by Parliament, there is in fact one more issue that appears to hammer a final nail into the coffin. Recognising that health and safety at work was a general problem in all industries, a government-sponsored inquiry had been established under the chairmanship of Lord Robens to consider the matter in its entirety. Reporting in 1972, after the passing of the Mineral Workings (Offshore Installations) Act but before it had entered into force, the... 

Ministry of Power (1967) Report of the Inquiry into the Causes of the Accident to the Drilling Rig Sea Gem (Cmnd. 3409). HMSO London ... 

EMERALD. This beautiful green variety of the mineral beryl has been known since ancient times and always prized as a gem. both because of its color ami relative rarity. It is frequently cloudy or flawed, hence the expression rare as an emerald without a flaw." The original source of emeralds seems to be the so-called Cleopatra s mines in Egypt, where in a range of low mountains about 15 miles (24 kilometers) from the Red Sea. they arc found in schists. The quality uf these emeralds is not high, but there is much evidence of considerable workings in a former period. See also Beryl. 

Emerald is a variety of beryl, a beryllium silicate, with a hardness of 7.5 to 8. It has a beautiful deep green color, and it is one of the most expensive gems, sometimes outranking diamond in value. The green color results from small amounts of chromic oxide (Cr203). The oldest emerald mines were in Egypt near the Red Sea, but the best emerald mines today are in Colombia. There are others in Brazil, Pakistan, and Africa synthetic emeralds of excellent quality have also been manufactured. 

Amber is fossilized tree resin that hardened over millions of years and now is valued as a gem. Baltic amber is thought to be hardened sap from pine trees. It is normally yellow-brown in color, but the shades vary from almost white to almost black. Although sometimes completely clear, amber often contains inclusions of insects or other matter, often considered desirable. Much amber is obtained along the shores of the Baltic Sea, but it is also found along the coasts of Sicily, Romania, and Myanmar. 

The current version of GEM-AQ has five size-resolved aerosols types, viz. sea salt, sulphate, black carbon, organic carbon, and dust. The microphysical processes which describe formation and transformation of aerosols are calculated by a sectional aerosol module (Gong et al. 2003). The particle mass is distributed into 12 logarithmically spaced bins from 0.005 to 10.24 pm radius. This size distribution leads to an additional 60 advected tracers. The following aerosol processes are accounted for in the aerosol module nucleation, condensation, coagulation, sedimentation and dry deposition, in-cloud oxidation of SO2, in-cloud scavenging, and below-cloud scavenging by rain and snow. 

A shell is the calcareous outer part of a mollusc s body. Molluscs are animals living both on land and in the sea, but the shells that are used as gem material come mostly from marine or freshwater molluscs, though some land-based snails are also used. 

Today, coral is the name given to sea dwelling, soft bodied, carnivorous animals with polyps, most of which live in colonies. They belong to the phylum Coelenterata. There are thousands of different corals throughout the world s warmer seas. Coral is also the term used to describe the skeleton of the polyps, which may, in some cases, be used as a gem or ornamental material. 

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