Sculptured surfaces

A. Davydov, 1st International Conference on Machining and Measurements of Sculptured Surfaces, Krakow, 1997, pp. 317-330. 

Duncan, J.P. and Mair, S.G. 1983. Sculptured Surfaces in Engineering and Medicine. Cambridge, England, Cambridge University Press. 

SKETCHPAD Interactive computer graphics Coons patch, sculptured surfaces Ferguson s patch, sculptured surtaces... 

UNISURF, Bezier s patch, sculptured surfaces CAD Drafting... 

Weinert K, Stautner M (2002) An efficient discrete simulation for five-axis milling of sculptured surfaces. Aim Germ Acad Soc Prod Eng IX/1 47-51... 

Boz Y, Layegh KSE, Erdim H, Lazoglu I (2012) High performance 5-axis milling of complex sculptured surfaces. In Davim JP (ed) Machining of complex sculptured surfaces. Springer, London, pp 67-125... 

Shamoto E, Suzuki N, Tsuchiya E, Hori Y, Inagaki H, Yoshino K (2005) Development of 3 DOF ultrasonic vibration tool for elliptical vibration cutting of sculptured surfaces. Ann CIRP 54(l) 321-324... 

Figure 1.5. The waters of Thales of the myosin II motor. Stereo views of the crystal structure of the myosin motor domain of Dictostelium discoidium in presence of ATP are shown. A Space-filling display showing water molecules on a sculptured surface of the myosin II motor. B Those water molecules throughout the entire structure that are sufficiently fixed in space to be seen by X-ray diffraction are...

Free form surfaces are also called sculptured surfaces because the result is sometimes like a sculpture. These surfaces sometimes are created in a manner similar to making a sculpture. Curve set inputs suggest the third name for free form surfaces mesh surfaces. 

More and more products are covered by complex sculptured surfaces and multi-surface shapes. One of the primary objectives in the development of modeling systems is the ability to handle any desired shape regardless of its complexity. The traditional way is by creating single surfaces then blending them into complex ones. An advanced solution is the application of a curve network as complex input information to create a set of surfaces in an associative way. Complex surfaces are often called skins. 

Fussell, B. K., Jerard, R. B., and Hemmett, J. G. Modeling of Cutting Geometry and Forces for 5-axis Sculptured Surface Machining, Computer-Aided Design, vol. 35 (2003) pp. 333-346. 

Cell has polygonally sculptured surface between somatic ciliary rows (argyrome system, silverline system). 

Plastics with their inherent complex geometries are typically better suited to boundary representation models. Also functions such as finite element modeling or numerical control tool paths require explicit surface definitions which are only available with boundary representations. With constructive solid geometry systems, surface information must be evaluated before it is user accessible. Wireframe models again may be used as the base and are easily transferred to a boundary representation system. Conversely a boundary representation model may be readily converted to a wireframe. Many current commercial systems combine the features of both constructive solid geometry and boundary representation. A project consisting of simple machineable shapes may be done faster in a constructive solid geometry mode while a sculptured surface model would be more easily created in a boundary representation mode. The separate models can... 

In the near future, the solid model data base will be directly accessible to allow product drawings, finite element models, and numerical control tool path generation directly from the solid model. Sculptured surfaces will be generated easily and changed readily. The... 

A sculptured surface is obtained by interpolation with two-dimensional B-spline-functions. A B-spline surface is considered as a collection of surface patches and the whole surface is a mosaic of these patches linked together with proper continuity (Figure 9). Due to its computational efficiency a uniform bicubic B-spline surface has been implemented. The bicubic B-spline patch can be written in matrix form as... 

CAD/CAM system, resulting in far fewer tolerancing errors. Complex geometries such as sculptured surfaces and blending radii are totally described in the database and thus not subject to ambiguities in drawing interpretation. 

The rou mess of the bearing surfaces plays an important role in lubrication and wear for most types of hip implant. Lubrication analysis that directly includes surface roughness will be important for both UHMWPE/XPE-on-metal/ceramic and metal-on-metal hip implants. In particular for metal-on-metal hip implants, consideration of the sur ce topography (particularly the valleys) may suggest possibilities for nano-sculptured surfaces to improve lubrication and reduce wear. Further structural optimisation of the bearing surface mounting, in particular for acetabular cups, to achieve continuous fluid film luh-ication may offer opportunities to reduce wear to even lower levels. A full transient elastohydrodynamic lubrication analysis will be required for this purpose. 

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