Screen-printed electrodes SPEs sensitivity

For chemical monitoring, a list of priority substances has been established that includes metals such as cadmium, lead, and nickel. As far as metals are concerned, voltammetric techniques and more precisely electrochemical stripping analysis has long been recognized as a powerful technique in environmental samples. In particular, anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) coupled with screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) is a great simplification in the design and operation of on site heavy metal determination in water, for reasons of cost, simplicity, speed, sensitivity, portability and simultaneous multi-analyte capabilities. The wide applications in the field for heavy metal detection were extensively reviewed (Honeychurch and Hart, 2003 Palchetti et al., 2005). 

Compared to solid electrodes (like glassy carbon or other carbon-based materials) the screen-printed electrode (SPE)-based electrochemical biosensors appear to be an attractive and suitable option for more sensitive and selective determinations of phenolic compounds. Enzymes have been widely used in the preparation of biosensors for the determination of phenol derivatives and have allowed the measurement to be performed at a low operation potential to significantly reduce interference. 

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