Scientific inference engine

The scientific inference engine is given in Fig. 5.5, where the input thoughts are sophisticated, complex and very uncertain including metaphysics, imaginations or some of them. 

Mind and logic are the two couples that lead through the scientific inference engine from the unknown input domain to scientific information deductions. 

Most of the applications of artificial intelligence in chemistry so far have not involved numerical computation as a primary goal. Yet there are aspects of the AI approach to problem-solving which have relevance to computation. In scientific computation, one could view the knowledge base as the set of equations, input variable values, and unit conversions relevant to the problem, and the inference engine the numerical method used to solve the equations. This paper describes such a software system,... 

Ultimately, an attorney will seek technical opinions of the expert on issues in the case. Often sought are opinions with a reasonable degree of scientific and engineering certainty. In a legal sense, this infers a certainty of 51 % or greater. The question is whether the expert is more sure than not sure on an issue. It is not certainty in a statistical sense, where one uses a 95% or similar statistical confidence level in drawing inferences or conclusions from data. 

In general causes and effect are observed or measured, and they are known, but the relationship translator between them is not known in many engineering, scientific, economic and social events. It is, therefore, very important to be able to identify some of the features of the relationship through deductions, inferences, linguistically reasoning and perhaps at the end by well-established and convenient mathematical deterministic or uncertainty methodologies. 

To teach fundamental engineering, mathematical and scientific methodologies and to arrive at rational inferences ... 

In the second paper, Alexander Sich argues that engineering cannot be foundational in the search for truth because the engineering disciplines depend fundamentally on highly-focused natural scientific knowledge applied to the production of artifacts, while the particular natural sciences depend foundation-ally upon metaphysics for their first principles. Moreover, Sich contends that a failure to draw proper ontological distinctions between the objects studied by the natural sciences and philosophy leads to confusion over the character of inferences to the existence of the objects studied. 

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