Scientific Advice Working Part

The recommendations of the JECFA and the JMPR are recognised as sound scientific advice and many countries base their food laws and regulations on them. The Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, implemented through the Codex Alimentarius Commission, also makes use of the JECFA and JMPR recommendations. In the course of their work the Codex Committee on Food Additives and the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues develop maximum levels (ML) or maximum residue levels (MRL), respectively, which form important parts of individual food standards. The Codex Alimentarius Commission is developing these standards to meet its two major objectives, namely to protect the health of the consumer and to ensure fair practice in the food trade. 

The authors gratefully thank Professors H. Masuhara, K. Yoshihara and, S. Itoh for their encouragement of this study, and Drs M. Nishiyama, H. Oh-Oka and K. Okamoto for advice. This work was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (No.17750069 to SK) and for Scientific Research on Priority Areas (Area No. 432, No.16072209 to SK, and Area No. 477, No. 19056012 to SK) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (M EXT) of Japan. This work was also supported in part by funds from the Kurata Memorial Hitachi Science and Technology Foundation (to SK), and the Asahi Glass Foundation (to SK). 

I would like to acknowledge the invaluable advice of R. M. Martin on several controversial issues encountered while this text was being written I have also benefited from discussions with H. Bilz, V. Heine, R. Resta, 0. H. Nielsen, C. and N. Churcher. I am grateful for the hospitality extended to me by the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge. This work was partly supported by a NATO grant and the computer resources were provided by the Scientific Committee of CCVR (Centre de Calcul Vectoriel pour la Recherche, France). 

We thank Prof K. Tanabe, Dr T. Oji (University of Tokyo) for their helpful advice. Thanks are due to Mr T. Miyauchi (Wakkanai City), Prof S. Ohta, and Mr E. Tsuchida (Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo) for kindly providing us with brachiopod samples for this study. Thanks are also due to the staff members of the Misaki Marine Biological Station and the Otsuchi Marine Research Center (University of Tokyo), the Shimoda Marine Research Center (Tsukuba University) and RW Tunset (Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo) for their help in collecting brachiopod samples. This work was partly supported by the grant from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan, Fujiwara Natural History Foundation and the Sasakawa Scientific Research Grant from the Japan Society. 

I am grateful to Dr. J. Andy Milton (National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, UK) for critical reading of the original manuscript and much technical advice. This work was partly supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Japan, and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries of Japan. 

Cancer Research, Osaka University Medical School, for his useful advice and encouragement. The early part of this work was carried out in Prof. Sakamoto s laboratory. This study was supported in part by a grant from the Scientific Research fund of Ministry of Education and Culture of Japan, from TANABE Amino Acid Research Fund and from KANAE Shinyaku Kenkyu-Kai Fund. 

This work was funded in part by the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research. We thank Dr. Peter Taylor for his hospitality to PWL at the San Diego Supercomputer Center during the course of the investigation, and Drs. Michael Berman, Stephen Rogers and Mario Fajardo for advice, encouragement and support. 

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