Schaffer, Robert

A number of scholars characterized these sites ofknowledge production in terms of the texts, instruments, practitioners and audiences involved in their construction and circulation. While a few scholars focused exclusively on the literary structure and devices of the core texts of the Chemical Revolution, constructivists related the form, function and content of these texts to procedures and practices for the construction of facts, the replication of experiments and the formation of chemistry as a public science. While Schaffer, Roberts and Bensaude-Vincent explored the role of material instruments, such as the eudiometer, ice-calorimeter and balance, as mediating objects used by chemists to persuade audiences and create communities, Golinski prioritized human over material agency in an account of the discursive practices Enlightenment chemists used to... 

Hunter, Michael Cyril William and Simon Schaffer, eds.Robert Hooke new studies. Woodbridge Wolfeboro (NH) Boydell P, 1989. x, 310 p. 

Constructivist sociologists of science, more than historians, have entered where Foucault declined to tread, dealing not only with the "big science" of modem times but with the classical period of Robert Boyle and the early Royal Society. Bruno Latour, Steven Shapin, and Simon Schaffer have emphasized social and discursive strategies of coercion and persuasion, marshaled by scientific protagonists who mimic codes of behavior ordinarily associated with the battlefield or the salon.5 This is a sociology of confrontation and conquest that emphasizes the contingent personal and cultural forms that scientific discourse can assume. 

Cope, D. W., Maccaferri, G., Marton, L. F., Roberts, J. D., Cobden, P. M., and Somogyi, P. (2002). Cholecystokinin-immunopositive basket and Schaffer collateral-associated intemeurones target different domains of pyramidal cells in the CA1 area of the rat hippocampus. Neuroscience 109,... 

M. Hunter and S. Schaffer, eds, Robert Hooke New Studies, Boydell, Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1989. 

I. Inkster, Thoughtful Doing and Early Modern Oeconomy) in L. Roberts, S. Schaffer and P. Dear (eds), The Mindful Hand Inquiry and Invention from the Late Renaissance to Early Industrialisation (Amsterdam Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Weten-... 

The information presented here was gathered during lengthy discussions with Dr. Harriet Frush and Dr. Horace Isbell, as well as from correspondence with Dr. Robert Schaffer, her superior at the National Bureau of Standards, and her niece Roselyn Lomax. The contributions of the last two are gratefully acknowledged. 

Steven Shapin, Pump and Circumstance Robert Boyle s Literary Technology, Social Studies of Science 14, 1984, 481-520 Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump (Princeton University Press, 1985). 

J. R. Jacob, Robert Boyle and Subversive Religion in the Early Restoration, Albion 6, 1974, 275-293 idem, Restoration, Reformation and the Origins of the Royal Society, History of Science 13, 1975, 155-176 idem, Robert Boyle and the English Revolution (Franklin, 1977) idem, Boyle s Atomism and the Restoration Assault on Pagan Naturalism, Social Studies of Science 8, 1978, 211-233 idem, Restoration Ideologies and the Royal Society, History of Science 17, 1980, 25-38 Simon Schaffer, Godly Men and Mechanical Philosophers Souls and Spirits in Restoration Mechancial Philosophy, Science in Context 1, 1987, 55-85. 

On the skewed logic of representation between gentlemen and artisans, see Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Tump (Princeton University Press, 1985) Steven Shapin, The House of Experiment in Seventeenth-Century England, Isis 79, 1988, 373-404 idem, A Social History of Truth (University of Chicago Press, 1994) Malcolm Oster, The Scholar and the Gentleman revisited Robert Boyle as Aristocrat and Artisan, Annals of Science 49, 1992, 255-276. 

Mastroiacovo P, Mazzone T, Addis A, Elephant E, earlier P, Vial T, Garbis H, Robert E, Bonati M, Ornoy A, Finardi A, Schaffer C, CarameUi L, Rodriguez-Pinilla E, Clement M. High vitamin A intake in early pregnancy and major malformations a multicenter prospective controlled study. Teratology 1999 59(1) 7-11. 

Several years after the publication of Schaffer s books on the art of papermaking, Robert Bell, an American printer who in 1777 identified his shop as "next door to St. Paul s Church, in Third Street, Philadelphia," likewise suggested that hemp be used as a raw material for making paper in the colonies, since now they had declared their independence from England they could no longer count on cotton or flax imports. 

Shapin, S. 1989. Who Was Robert Hooke In Hunter, M. and Schaffer, S. (eds.), Robert Hooke New Studies. Woodbridge, Suffolk Boydell Press, 253-285. 

Results of the continuing work on deoxynitroalditols were published in 1950 and 1951 in a series of papers covering 2-deoxypentose and ketose syntheses. Later in 1951, the work on the synthesis of mannoheptoses was published with Dr. Robert Schaffer, who was Sowden s first student at Washington University. 

The kind assistance of Dr. Robert Schaffer is gratefully acknowledged. 

Dewhirst, Willis s Oxford lectures (n. 16), 56. Willis makes various references to purging in Willis s Oxford Casebook 1650-5, ed. Kermeth Dewhirst, Sandford, Oxford, 1981. See Index. Chapman, England s I onardo (n. 18), 112 13. Lucinda McCray Beier, Experience and Experiment Robert Hooke, Illness, and Medicine , in Michael Hunter and Simon Schaffer, ed., Robert Hooke New Studies, Boydell Press, Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1989, 235-52. 

Amino acids are involved in many metabolic processes and m protein synthesis. In the central nervous system, they also function as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators (Davidson, 1976 Corradetti et al., 1983 Fonnum, 1981, 1984). Numerous studies have demonstrated the excitatory effects of aspartate and glutamate (Watkins and Evans, 1981) the inhibitory effects of glycine, y-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and taurine (Schaffer et al., 1981 Lloyd et al., 1983 Roberts, 1984), and the precursor roles of tryptophan in serotonin synthesis and of tyrosine and phenylalanine in the biosyntheses of catecholamines (Sved, 1983). It is not surprising, therefore, to see an ever-increasing interest in amino acid analysis in biological samples. 

For more on the rise of experimental philosophy in the seventeenth century, and Robert Boyle in particular, see S. Shapin and S. Schaffer (1985). 

---