Scavengers animals

The decomposing corpse provides an ephemeral yet nutrient-rich substrate that can be inhabited by a wide variety of organisms. As the bacteria begin the processes of cell breakdown, fermentation, and putrefaction, at the other end of the spectrum the large scavenging animals begin to play a significant... 

I was beginning to think nothing was there, that some scavenging animal had discovered it, when I saw what Id been looking for. 

Environmental Impact of Ambient Ozone. Ozone can be toxic to plants, animals, and fish. The lethal dose, LD q, for albino mice is 3.8 ppmv for a 4-h exposure (156) the 96-h LC q for striped bass, channel catfish, and rainbow trout is 80, 30, and 9.3 ppb, respectively. Small, natural, and anthropogenic atmospheric ozone concentrations can increase the weathering and aging of materials such as plastics, paint, textiles, and mbber. For example, mbber is degraded by reaction of ozone with carbon—carbon double bonds of the mbber polymer, requiring the addition of aromatic amines as ozone scavengers (see Antioxidants Antiozonants). An ozone decomposing polymer (noXon) has been developed that destroys ozone in air or water (157). 

Vitamin E can also act as an antioxidant (qv) in animals and humans alone or in combination with vitamin C (qv). Both are good free-radical scavengers with the vitamin C acting to preserve the levels of vitamin E (35). Vitamin E in turn can preserve the levels of vitamin A in animals (13). It has been shown that vitamin E reduces the incidence of cardiovascular disease (36—39). This most likely results from the antioxidant property of the vitamin which inhibits the oxidation of low density Hpoproteins (LDLs) (40—42). The formation of the oxidized LDLs is considered important in decreasing the incidence of cardiovascular disease (43). 

Wool, as a keratin, is a highly cross-linked, insoluble proteinaceous fiber, and few animals have developed the specialized digestive systems that aUow them to derive nutrition from the potential protein resource. In nature, these few keratin-digesting animals, principally the larvae of clothes moths and carpet beetles, perform a useful function in scavenging the keratinous parts of dead animals and animal debris (fur, skin, beak, claw, feathers) that ate inaccessible to other animals. It is only when these keratin-digesting animals attack processed wool goods that they are classified as pests. Very often they enter domestic or industrial huildings from natural habitats such as birds nests. 

Worms - There are three types of worms found in water. For the most part, they dwell in the bed of the material at the bottom of lakes and streams. There they do important work as scavengers. The rotifiers are the only organisms in this category at or near the surfaee. They live primarily in stagnant fresh water. The eggs and larvae of various intestinal worms found in man and warm-blooded animals pollute the water at times. They do not generally cause widespread infection for several reasons. They are relatively few in number and are so large they can be filtered out of water with comparative ease. 

In 1922, Evans and Bishop named the animal nutritional factor essential of reproduction Vitamin E . In the 1960s, vitamin E was associated with antioxidant function. Twenty-five years later, vitamin E has been found to possess functions that are independent of its antioxidant and free radical scavenging ability. a-Tocopherol specific molecular mechanisms were discovered which are still under investigation. 

LDL extracted from human or animal atherosclerotic lesions has been shown to be taken up much fester than plasma LDL by macrophages by means of their scavenger receptors. 

Paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity can be prevented in animals with SOD, catalase and allopurinol (Kyle et al., 1987 Jaeschke, 1990 Tirmenstein and Nelson, 1990), and by N-acetyl-L-cysteine or methionine in humans (Meredith et al., 1986 Nelson, 1990). The protective efiect of allopurinol in mice only occurred at high concentrations, suggesting that its effect was related to scavenging of ROMs rather than inhibition of their production by XO (Jaeschke, 1990). 

---