Scanning electron microscopy scan speed

Bastacky J, Lee CY, Goerke J, Koushafar H, Yager D, Kenaga L, Speed TP, Chen Y, Clements JA. Alveolar fining layer is thin and continuous low-temperature scanning electron microscopy of rat lung. J Appl Physiol 1995, 79, 1615-1628. 

The primary components of automobiles are steel or aluminum, so one of the fastest methods for analysis with the least amount of preparation of the sample is the emissions spectrometer. From Table 2.1, we can see that a carbon sulfur analyzer, such as a Leco, or atomic absorption spectrophotometer scanning electron microscopy (SEM) x-ray and GC-MS are also used for this type of analysis. However, an emissions spectrophotometer is most often used because of its lack of sample preparation. Again, it is not our attempt here to go into great detail on each method. Within an automotive analytical laboratory, however, speed is a priority so that a material is identified and classified rapidly. An emissions spectrophotometer is such an instrument. 

The microstructure observation of the sintered ceramics surface was performed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JEOL JSM 6400, Japan). The crystalline phase of sintered ceramics was identified by X-ray diflfaction (XRD, RIGAKU D/max 2.B) with CuKa radiation (X=l. 541SA at 40 kV and 30 mA) and scanned from 20° to 70° with scanning speed of 4°/min. The bulk densities of the sintered pellets were measured by the Archimedes method. The dielectric constant ( ,) and the quality factor values (Qxf) at microwave frequencies were measured using the Hakki-Coleman dielectric resonator method which had been modified and improved by Courtney The dielectric resonator was positioned between two brass plates. Microwave... 

Fast scan measurements, i.e. for investigations of the dynamics of surface diffusion or reconstruction are done preferably in constant height instead of constant current mode because no electronic feedback circuit, limiting response time and scan speed, is involved in this mode. Obviously this works only with very smooth electrode surfaces. An electronic setup (bipotentiostat) that allows fast transient methods combined with scanning probe microscopies has been reported [21]. 

The polymers, whose characteristics are summarized in Table 1, were melt mixed in a Brabender-like apparatus at 200 C and at two residence times 6 min, at 2 r.p.m. and further 10 min. at 32 r.p.m. The blend compositions are listed in Table 2. After premixing, cylindrical specimens were obtained directly by extrusion using a melting-elastic miniextruder (CSI max mixing extruder mod. CS-194), Thermal and tensile mechanical tests were performed on these specimens by an Instron Machine (mod. 1122) at room temperature and at cross-head speed of 10 mm/min. Also made were morphological studies by optical microscopy of sections microtomed from tensile samples and scanning electron microscopy of fractured surfaces of samples broken at liquid nitrogen temperature. Further details on the experimental procedures and on the techniques used are reported elsewhere . 

Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images of directed assembly of polystyrene (PS)/polyacrylic acid (PAA) blends using alternative MUAM/octadecanethiol (ODT) patterns with various periodicities (a-d) 1333, (e-h) 1000, (i-1) 667, and (m-p) 333 nm. The spin speeds were changed (a,e,i,m) 3000, (b,f,j,n) 5000, (c,gJ<,o) 7000, and (d,h,l,p) 9000 rpm fflc stands for the critical spin speed for each pattern periodicity. (Reprinted with permission from ACS.)... 

Barrow, M.S., Jones, R.L., Park, J.O., Srinivasarao, M., Williams, P.R., Wright, C.J. Physical characterisation of microporous and nanoporous polymer films by atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and high speed video microphotography. Spectroscopy 18, 577-585 (2004)... 

Further, a Zwick universal testing machine (Type 1474) served to measure the tensile modulus and tensile strength. This was carried out at room temperature and ambient conditions (approximately 50% humidity). The crosshead speed amounted to 1 mm/min. In addition, the broken samples were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Jeol models JSM 5400 and JSM 6300). Thin films of dissolved samples were characterized by a Leitz transmission optical microscope. 

The porosity (ie, pore size and amount of pores) of microparticles is also an important characteristic to take into consideration when fabricating microparticles because it plays an essential role in controlling the release of payloads. The porosity and morphology of particles are usually determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For the emulsification solvent extraction/evaporation method of fabrication, the rate of solvent extraction, which depends on the flow in the stirred vessel the droplet size the temperature and the dispersed phase hold-up in the 0/W emulsion have an effect on porosity [87]. The porosity usually increases with a decrease in solvent extraction rate. The porosity of microparticles results in initial burst release due to pore diffusion [78,88]. Mao et al. studied the influence of different W/O/W emulsification solvent extraction/evaporation process parameters on internal and external porosity of PLGA microparticles [78]. The surface morphology of the microparticles can be influenced by the type of polymer, internal aqueous phase voliune (Wi), volume of continuous phase (W2), polymer concentration, homogenization speed, and equipment used for the primary emulsion [78,79]. 

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