Scanning electron microscopy calcium carbonate

Fig. 23. Visualization of membrane fouling by scanning electron microscopy (A) inorganic fouling dne to calcinm carbonate, calcium sulfate, silica, iron, barium and strontium sulfate (35,000x) (B) organic fonling dne to humic acid (35,000x) (C) flow channels in membrane fouled with biological growth.

Zhou et al. [173] studied the effects of surface treatment of calcium carbonate particles with sulfonated polyether ether ketone on the mechanical and thermal properties of composites with polyether ether ketone in various proportions prepared using a twin-screw extruder. These workers used tensile, impact, and flexural testing, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. The influences of filler particle, loading, and surface treatment on deformation and crystallinity of polyether ether ketone were discussed. 

At the oil/water interface, however, we observed the formation of coherent, ultra-thin calcium carbonate films. These extended, two-dimensional crystalline stmctures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction, and other techniques like interfacial-shear-rheology. 

In particular, it was verified that these fluorinated calcium carbonate nanocomposites are applicable to the dispersion above PMMA film surface. Interestingly, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images of the cross-section of the modified PMMA films showed that calcium carbonate particles dispersed into these PMMA films could be arranged regularly above the modified film surface (see Figures 4.12 and 4.13) [93]. 

Experimental methods that have been developed to evaluate bacterial biofilms and biofilms containing particulate calcium carbonates. These include environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM), and light microscopy in addition to gross diameter measurements. Chemical agents evaluated include various lignosulfonates and non-ionic dispersants. 

Polymer matrices are also commonly reinforced with mineral fillers or fibers, such as calcium carbonate, talc, wollastonite, clay, and mica [506], and more recently fine additives are used to manufacture nanocomposites. Scanning electron microscopy images of fracture surfaces... 

Figure 5.108. Semicrystalline thermoplastics, such as a polyacetal, shown in polarized light (A) do not appear spherulitic after the addition of calcium carbonate (B). The surface of such a filled, molded part can exhibit a matte finish due to poor wetting of the particles with the polymer. Scanning electron microscopy observation of the molded surface (C) shows pock marks, which are particles in cavities not filled with polymer. EDS mapping (D) shows the particles contain calcium.

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