Electron microscopy carbonates

Keywords analytical electron microscopy, carbon nanoparticles, macrophage cell, toxicity... 

As observed by transmission electron microscopy, carbon blacks appear as irregular, chainlike, branched aggregates of partially fused spheres (Hess et al., 1973). 

Ray] Transmission electron microscopy Carbon steels with 0.3-1.52 mass% Si... 

Marsh H, Crawford D, O Grady TM, Wennerberg A. Carbons of high surface area. A study by adsorption and high-resolution electron microscopy. Carbon 1982 20(5) 419-426. 

Medalia, A.I. and Heckman, F.A. (1969) Morphology of aggregates - II. Size and shape factors of carbon black aggregates from electron microscopy. Carbon, 7, 567. 

Specific surface area of carbon blacks before and after graphitization, determined by electron microscopy (A,) end by nitrogen adsorption (A ]t... 

Regarding a historical perspective on carbon nanotubes, very small diameter (less than 10 nm) carbon filaments were observed in the 1970 s through synthesis of vapor grown carbon fibers prepared by the decomposition of benzene at 1100°C in the presence of Fe catalyst particles of 10 nm diameter [11, 12]. However, no detailed systematic studies of such very thin filaments were reported in these early years, and it was not until lijima s observation of carbon nanotubes by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) that the carbon nanotube field was seriously launched. A direct stimulus to the systematic study of carbon filaments of very small diameters came from the discovery of fullerenes by Kroto, Smalley, and coworkers [1], The realization that the terminations of the carbon nanotubes were fullerene-like caps or hemispheres explained why the smallest diameter carbon nanotube observed would be the same as the diameter of the Ceo molecule, though theoretical predictions suggest that nanotubes arc more stable than fullerenes of the same radius [13]. The lijima observation heralded the entry of many scientists into the field of carbon nanotubes, stimulated especially by the un-... 

The field of carbon nanotube research was launched in 1991 by the initial experimental observation of carbon nanotubes by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) [151], and the subsequent report of conditions for the synthesis of large quantities of nanotubes [152,153]. Though early work was done on... 

The earliest observations of carbon nanotubes with very small (nanometer) diameters [151, 158, 159] are shown in Fig. 14. Here we see results of high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements, providing evidence for m-long multi-layer carbon nanotubes, with cross-sections showing several concentric coaxial nanotubes and a hollow core. One nanotube has... 

Oshida, K., Kogiso, K., Matsubayashi, K., Takeuchi, K., Kobayashi, S., Endo, M., Dressclhaus, M. S., Drcsselhaus, G., Analysis of pore structure of activated carbon fibers using high resolution transmission electron microscopy and image processing, 7. Mater. Res., 1995, 10(10), 2507 2517. 

Bernaerts, D. and Amelinckx, S., Electron microscopy study of coiled carbon tubules. In Handbook of Microscopy, Vol. 3, ed. S. Amelinckx,... 

Several structural characterisations of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with the cylindrical graphite are reviewed from the viewpoint of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Especially, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) by using an energy-fdtered TEM is applied to reveal the dependence of fine structure of EELS on the diameter and the anisotropic features of CNTs. 

The isotropic form has little graphitic characteristic and essentially no optical activity. It is composed of very fine grains without observable orientation and for this reason, it is known as isotropic carbon rather than isotropic graphite. It is often obtained in fluidized-bed deposition, possibly due to continuous surface regeneration by the mechanical rubbing action of the bed. An isotropic structure, observed by transmission electron microscopy, is shown in Fig. 7.4.111]... 

Figure 7.4. Structure of high-density ( 2.0 g/cm ) isotropic pyrolytic carbon, observed by transmission electron microscopy. Viewing plane is parallel to deposition plane (x = 23 600). (Photograph Courtesy J. L. Kaae, General Atomics, San Diego, CA)...

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