Scale damage

The attack resulted in the loss of approximately 184 lives at the Pentagon and nearly 3000 in New York and Pennsylvania. Approximately 42 of those who died were citizens of other counties. Both World Trade Center towers were completely destroyed and the Pentagon suffered large-scale damage. A chronology of the September 11 events is as follows. 

The author still remembers a fatal accident in one of the DRDO laboratories at Pune, India in which 6 persons lost their lives in addition to large scale damage to the government property. The root cause, which came to light after the enquiry, was that the persons involved were not properly trained and were unaware of the consequences of not following the stipulated procedures. 

It has been shown from field-scale damage tests as a measure of expl performance that fragment velocity, shaped-charge penetration,... 

It has been shown from field-scale damage tests as a measure of expl performance that fragment velocity, shaped-charge penetration, and Blast Effects in Air, Earth and Water (See Vol 2, pp B180-L to B184-R) are related to the expl props of detonation energy pressure... 

Where very large plants are under consideration, the amount of labor required for membrane pack maintenance should be carefully examined. This will depend on membrane life, or other factors requiring packs to be dismantled, such as scale damage or membrane poisoning, the number and size of units employed, and the time required for removing the packs from the units and servicing them. 

The cell membrane complex and the endoctitide are the most vulnerable to the attack by shampoos, to build-up and even to stretching and cracking. If build-up gets beneath the scales, it can cause scale lifting a type of scale damage that makes the hair feel dry, coarse and look dull... 

Trezl and coworkers (12,13) studied vapor phase formaldehyde treatment of wool under vacuum. Treatments were conducted at 60 to 100 C using no catalyst or formic acid, trlmethylamine, trlethylamlne, 15-crown-5-ether and 18-crown-6-ether as catalysts. In their system, the presence of water vapor was found to Inhibit the rate of formaldehyde uptake. They found that more sites were attacked by formaldehyde vapor Chan by aqueous formaldehyde. Optimum reaction rates were observed at 70 to 80°C, and formic acid was found to be the most effective catalyst of those used. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) did not reveal any scale damage to the wool. The treated wool was more thermally resistant, and no change In hand or dyeability of the wool was found. The treated wool had Improved tensile strength and Initial modulus with little change in elongation at break. 

Pish J, Yu Q. Two-scale damage modeling of brittle composites. Compos Sd Technol 2001 61 2215-22. 

A chemical incident has the potential to affect many people, not only the operator, nearby workers and others on the site, but also members of the public. The results of some incidents, such as at Seveso and Bhopal, have been of epic proportions and were truly catastrophic. Such events carry a massive price tag in terms of human suffering and loss of life as well as the cost of rebuilding the plant and loss of business. All incidents, regardless of scale, damage the reputation of the organisation and, indeed, the whole of the industry. 

Osmotic shock suitable for laige scale, damages the polymer, micronization Contamination of final... 

As such, all material functionalities are the result of a combination of appropriate material architecture and physico-chemical characteristics of its constituent elements. Small-scale damage affecting the chemical structure or architecture will lead to a decrease of the intended properties/functionality which can further lead to the replacement of the damaged area or, in the worst case scenario, to the catastrophic failure of the structure with consequent loss of time, material and money. 

While scales can be recurring, persistent, and troublesome by causing severe restriction to production, they are often relatively easy to contact with stimulation fluids because of their presence in or very near the wellbore. Deep scale damage in a formation is highly unlikely and is rarely encountered. 

Fig. 11 Devices for laser-based SHM techniques for small-scale damage detection (a) Nd YAG pulse laser and (b) infrared camera...

Tsukinaga, Y., Shoya, M., and Hara, T. (1994). Scaling Damage of Concrete Exposed to Deicing Chemicals. Semento, Konkurito Ronbunshu 48, 488-493. 

Figure 13.13 schematically summarizes the consequences for the four cases if scale damage has occurred, based on Figure 13.10. In case 1 protective crack healing can occur (Figure 13.13a). If in case 2 cracking takes places in the period where the Cr subsurface content is below the limit for protective scale formation then first a fast growing oxide nodule is formed at the defect, which may, however, later be "sealed" by a repassivation layer when the Cr content has increased again by rediffusion (Figure 13.13c). Final loss of the protective effect (Figure 13.13b) takes place in cases 3 and 4.

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