Saturation transfer difference spectroscopy

Fig. 52. Saturation-Transfer-Difference Spectroscopy. By saturation of the protein resonances, those ligands that bind weakly to the protein are saturated as well via saturation transfer. Thus, ligands that bind the protein will show up in the saturation difference experiment, while those that do not are invisible in this experiment.

Mayer, M., Meyer, B. Characterization of ligand binding by saturation transfer difference NMR spectroscopy. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1784-1788. 

X-ray crystallography, docking modes can be validated by various NMR techniques NOEs may be observed between the ligand and the receptor protein by heteronuclear-filtered NOE spectroscopy [51], chemical shift changes of protein resonances upon binding can be analyzed by simulation of shifts caused by ring currents and electrostatic effects [52], and saturation transfer difference measurements indicate which part of the ligand is in direct contact with the protein [52]. 

Data obtained by ITC experiments were corroborated by saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR spectroscopy. Signals that arise during an STD experiment are a... 

Di Micco, S., el al., Differential-frequency saturation transfer difference NMR spectroscopy allows the detection of different ligand-DNA binding modes. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2006, 45, 224-228. 

NOESY/STD Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement spectroscopy/saturation transfer difference... 

J. L. Wagstaff, S. L. Taylor and M. J. Howard, Recent Developments and Applications of Saturation Transfer Difference Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (STD NMR) Spectroscopy, MoL BioSyst., 2013, 9, 571. 

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