Satellite group effect

It was found that the introduction of a second non-biocidal end group strongly influences the antimicrobial activity of the whole macromolecule. This effect is called the satellite group effect. Waschinski and coworkers showed that the activity of polymers could be adjusted over several orders of... 

Interval or satellite groups have been discussed at two earlier points in this chapter. They allow measurement of termination parameters at intervals other than at termination of the study. They are also useftd when the manipulation involved in making a measurement (such as the collection of an extensive blood sample), while not terminal, may compromise (relative to other animals) the subject animals. Another common use of such groups is to evaluate recovery from some observed effect at study termination. 

Animals that comprise the satellite group for follow-up studies should be kept under observation for 14 days without treatment. This procedure detects persistence of toxic effects (if any), as well as manner of recovery. A careful clinical examination should be made every day. Action should be taken to minimize the loss of experimental animals, (e.g., identifying animals that are moribund, doing necropsy, refrigeration of animals that are found dead, sacrificing weak or moribund animals). 

In the subchronic toxicity study, if interim sacrifices are planned, the number of animals should be increased so that there is no shortage of animals at the termination of the study this ensures meaningful conclusions about the test chemical s toxicity. In addition, a satellite group of 20 animals (10 of each gender) may be treated with the high dose of the test chemical for 90 days. These animals should be observed for signs of adverse effects, (e.g., reversibility, persistence, delayed occurrence of toxic effects). The observation period should last for a posttreatment period of appropriate length not less than 28 days. 

The observation period for the subchronic oral toxicity should be at least 90 days. Animals in a satellite group scheduled for follow-up observations should be kept for a further period of 28 days without treatment to detect recovery from, or persistence of, toxic effects. Careful clinical examination should be made at least once each day. Additional observations should be made and appropriate actions taken to minimize loss of animals these actions include necropsy or refrigeration of those found dead, or isolation, or sacrifice of weak or moribund animals. The animals are dosed with the test chemical ideally 7 days per week for 90 days. However, based primarily on practical considerations, dosing by gavage or capsules 5 days per week is acceptable. 

In this variation, a satellite group of 20 animals (10 animals per sex) may be treated at the high concentration level for 90 days and observed for reversibility, persistence, or delayed occurrence of toxic effects for a posttreatment period of appropriate length, normally not less than 28 days. In addition, a control group of 20 animals (10 animals of each sex) should be added to the satellite study. Animals in the satellite group (if used) scheduled for followup observations should be kept for at least 28 days further without treatment to assess reversibility. 

Summarizing the individual decay branches of the 4d5/2 -> 6p resonance, one finds that all final ionic states can also be reached by outer-shell photoionization, in (a) and (b) by main processes, and in (c)-(i) by discrete and continuous satellite processes. The effect of the resonance decay will then be a modification of these otherwise undisturbed direct outer-shell photoionization processes which turns out to be an enhancement in the present case. Therefore, these outer-shell satellites are called resonantly enhanced satellites. In this context it is important to note that outer-shell photoionization also populates other satellites, attached, for example, to electron configurations 5s25p4ns and 5s25p4nd. However, the parity of these satellites is even, while the decay branches (c)-(/) lead to odd parity. Therefore, both groups of final ionic states can be treated independently of each other (if configuration interaction in the continuum is neglected). 

Group (c) satellites (dotted). These arise from electron correlation effects which are beyond the FISCI mechanism. The large spatial overlap between orbitals with the same principal quantum number n =v3 still favours electron correlation effects between 3s3p6 and 3s23p43d, but ISCI and FSCI are responsible for the presence of 3s23p43d 2S+1Le final ionic states with symmetries different from 2Se. Most of these states can be identified in the electron spectrum. 

Most NMR-groups exploring effects of molecular motion tend to develop their own software to simulate these effects. Recently the simulation program EXPRESS developed by Void and Hoatson69 was presented. By this program, effects of dynamics can be simulated (see Table 1 in Ref. 69 for details) but so far effects of finite rf-pulses and the motional effects on satellite transitions in half-integer quadrupolar nuclei are not included. 

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